Chapter 033 Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 4) ppsx

... indicates pulmonary venous hypertension, while enlarged central pulmonary arteries suggest pulmonary artery hypertension. An enlarged cardiac silhouette suggests a Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary ... interstitial edema or fibrosis, diaphragmatic dysfunction, or impaired chest wall motion). The pulmonary parenchyma should be examined for evidence of interstitial diseas...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 3) Differential Diagnosis Dyspnea is the consequence of deviations from normal function in the cardiopulmonary systems. ... contribute to dyspnea, both by increasing the work of breathing and by stimulating pulmonary receptors if there is associated atelectasis. Gas Exchanger Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and aspi...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... of chest tightness. J-receptors, sensitive to interstitial edema, and pulmonary vascular receptors, activated by acute changes in pulmonary artery pressure, appear to contribute to air hunger. ... and feedback messages do not match, an error signal is generated and the intensity of dyspnea increases. (Adapted from Gillette and Schwartzstein.) Motor Efferents Disorders o...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 2) Integration: Efferent-Reafferent Mismatch A discrepancy or mismatch between the feed-forward message to the ventilatory muscles and ... unpleasant and interpreted as abnormal. We are still in the early stages of learning the best ways to assess the affective dimension of dyspnea. Some therapies for dyspnea, such a...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... vascular markings in Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 5) Distinguishing Cardiovascular from Respiratory System Dyspnea If a patient has evidence of both pulmonary and cardiac disease, ... forces, and a propensity for the alveoli to collapse at low lung volumes. Physiologically, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is characterized by intrapulmonary shu...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 6) Distinguishing Cardiogenic from Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema The history is essential for assessing ... pulmonary edema. The physical examination in cardiogenic pulmonary edema is notable for evidence of increased intracardiac pressures (S3 gallop, elevated jugular venous pulse, peripheral edema) , ... an...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... knee Chapter 016. Back and Neck Pain (Part 4) The neurologic examination includes a search for focal weakness or muscle atrophy, focal reflex changes, diminished sensation in the legs, and ... strength during muscle testing. Breakaway weakness may be due to pain or a combination of pain and underlying true weakness. Breakaway weakness without pain is due to lack of effort...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... nystagmus, but balance is impaired on standing and walking, and the patient cannot navigate in the dark. Laboratory testing is available to explore vestibulo- oculomotor and vestibulo-spinal deficits. ... present with difficulty maintaining posture standing and walking and with a subjective sense of disequilibrium, a form of dizziness. The cerebellum and vestibular system org...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... prognosis, and treatment. Hematuria without RBC casts can also be an indication of glomerular disease, and this evaluation is summarized in Fig. 45-2. Figure 45-2 Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary ... combinations of glomerular injury: proteinuria, hematuria, reduced GFR, and alterations of Na excretion leading to hypertension, edema, and circulatory congestion (acute...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... underlying illness does not necessarily indicate malnutrition. Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 4) Protein Catabolism The rate of endogenous protein breakdown ... some, such as acute cardiopulmonary failure, can be life-threatening. Nutritional Assessment Because interactions between illness and nutrition are complex, many physical and laborat...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20