Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 16 ppt

... S.D., and W.J. Bond. 1994.Red flowers and but- terfly pollination in the fynbos of South Africa. In Plant-animal Interactions in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems (M. Arianoutsou and R.H. Graves, Eds.), pp. ... 42:415–454. Moll, E.J., and B. McKenzie. 1994. Modes of dispersal of seeds in the Cape fynbos. In Plant-animal Interactions in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems (M. Arianoutsou and R.H. Graves,...

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... exposure to altered temperature and moisture (Seastedt and Cross- ley 1981a).Anthropogenic disturbances leave straighter and more distinct bound- aries between disturbed and undisturbed patches (because ... growing population, and preda- tors and pathogens respond to increased prey or host density and stress. Popu- lation growth slows and abundance reaches a peak. Competition, predation, and...

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... sources of organic molecules. This chemical synthesis is powered by solar energy. Free-living and symbiotic N- fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria are an important means of converting inorganic N 2 into ... and as sedimentary and dissolved carbonates (principally calcium car- bonate). The atmosphere and ocean mediate the global cycling of carbon among terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.The exc...

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... drought- intolerant vegetation and litter accumulation. The relatively isolated higher elevation and riparian zones were more mesic and supported shade-tolerant (but fire- and drought-intolerant) fir and spruce forests. ... 442 characterized by relatively arid conditions and frequent droughts that historically maintained a sparse woodland dominated by drought- and fire-tolerant (but shade-intole...

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... hierarchical approach offers a means of integrating evolutionary and ecosystem approaches to studying insect ecology. The evolutionary approach IV. ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO INSECT ECOLOGY 11 001-P088772.qxd ... However, an ecosystem approach provides a framework for integrating insect ecology with the changing patterns of ecosystem structure and function and for appl...

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... environmental changes, as described earlier, any change will alter insect abundance and distribution and may increase the incidence of crop pests and vectors of human and animal dis- eases (Stapp ... forest canopy and are carried by wind currents to new areas (Wellington 1980). The distance traveled by wind- or water-dispersed insects depends on several factors, including flow rate and inse...

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... limited number of resistance mechanisms that confer cross-resistance to plant defenses and structurally related toxicants and, in some cases, to chemi- cally unrelated compounds (Soderlund and ... parasites and pathogens in the hemo- coel (Tanada and Kaya 1993). Behavioral mechanisms also may be used for pro- tection against pathogens. Insects produce a variety of antibiotic and anticancer .....

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... rest and can be exposed sud- denly to startle would-be predators. The margin of the front wings in some sat- urniids are shaped and colored to resemble the heads of snakes (Fig. 4.11) (Grant 004-P088772.qxd ... allocated as is K), and 85 Sr (assimilated and allocated as is Ca), became use- ful tools for tracking the assimilation and allocation of nutrients through organ- isms, food webs, and...

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... Following the appearance of transgenic insect- resistant crop species in the late 1980s, geneti- cally engineered, Bt toxin-producing corn, cotton, soybeans, and potatoes have replaced nontransgenic varieties ... labora- tory experiment with sex-linked mutant genes in Drosophila melanogaster (Peterson and Merrell 1983), mutant and wild-male phenotypes exhibited about the same viability, but...

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... (Fig.7.9).Mound den- sities were significantly highest along dirt roads not covered by forest canopy and lowest along roads covered by forest canopy. Powerline and graveled or paved roads not covered by forest ... increasing corridor width (a) and disturbance frequency (b) at the Savanna River Site in South Carolina. cl-can = closed canopy, pline = powerline cut, and open, gravel, and paved =...

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