Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 8 ppsx
Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 8 ppsx
... defensesinduced by early-season herbivores on later colonists (Fig. 8. 11) (e.g., Harrisonand Karban 1 986 , M. Hunter 1 987 , Kogan and Paxton 1 983 , N. Moran andWhitham 1990, Sticher et al. 1997, Van Zandt ... did not decline over time in ant-removal plots.These results reflecteda gradual displacement of small-seeded plants (on which ants specialize) by large-seeded plants (on which rodents specialize) ... considered in the sense of an animal killing and eating otheranimals (Fig. 8. 3), predation applies equally well to carnivorous plants that killand consume insect prey and to herbivores that kill and...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 7 ppsx
... POPULATIONS 185 007-P 088 772.qxd 1/24/06 10:43 AM Page 185 long-distance dispersal and may be less able to recolonize vacant or new habi-tats (resulting from disturbance or climate change) across ... (Fig.7.9).Mound den-sities were significantly highest along dirt roads not covered by forest canopy andlowest along roads covered by forest canopy. Powerline and graveled or pavedroads not covered by forest ... Disturbances to Aquatic EcosystemsStream channelization and impoundment have reduced heterogeneity in channelmorphology and flow characteristics. Channelization constrains channel mor-phology,...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 1 docx
... the context of ecosystem structureand function.IV. ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO INSECT ECOLOGY Insect ecology can be approached using a hierarchical model (Coulson andCrossley 1 987 ). Ecosystem conditions ... However, an ecosystem approach provides a framework for integrating insect ecology with the changingpatterns of ecosystem structure and function and for applying insect ecology tounderstanding of ecosystem, ... ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO INSECT ECOLOGY 11001-P 088 772.qxd 1/24/06 10:31 AM Page 111 981 ) has been one of the most important and controversial concepts to emergefrom insect ecology. Ecosystem processes...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 2 pdf
... environmental changes, asdescribed earlier, any change will alter insect abundance and distribution andmay increase the incidence of crop pests and vectors of human and animal dis-eases (Stapp ... forest canopy and are carried bywind currents to new areas (Wellington 1 980 ).The distance traveled by wind- or water-dispersed insects depends on severalfactors, including flow rate and insect ... preda-ceous Hymenoptera, and sooty molds (Dixon 1 985 , E. Edwards 1 982 , N. Elliott etal. 1 987 , Huxley and Cutler 1991). The abundant water excreted by xylem-feeding spittlebugs is used to create the...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 3 docx
... limited number of resistance mechanisms that confer cross-resistanceto plant defenses and structurally related toxicants and, in some cases, to chemi-cally unrelated compounds (Soderlund and ... parasites and pathogens in the hemo-coel (Tanada and Kaya 1993). Behavioral mechanisms also may be used for pro-tection against pathogens.Insects produce a variety of antibiotic and anticancer ... identi ed three types of consumers with respect to a chemi-cally defended prey species. Excluded predators cannot feed on the chemicallydefended prey, whereas included predators can feed on...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 4 doc
... rest and can be exposed sud-denly to startle would-be predators. The margin of the front wings in some sat-urniids are shaped and colored to resemble the heads of snakes (Fig. 4.11) (Grant004-P 088 772.qxd ... allocated as is K), and 85 Sr (assimilated and allocated as is Ca), became use-ful tools for tracking the assimilation and allocation of nutrients through organ-isms, food webs, and ecosystems.I. ... from the orangeprotuberances, deters many would-be predators.004-P 088 772.qxd 1/24/06 10:39 AM Page 112and Miller 1995). Sudden wing movement during escape may enhance theappearance of a striking...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 5 pot
... Following theappearance of transgenic insect- resistant crop species in the late 1 980 s, geneti-cally engineered, Bt toxin-producing corn, cotton, soybeans, and potatoes havereplaced nontransgenic varieties ... labora-tory experiment with sex-linked mutant genes in Drosophila melanogaster(Peterson and Merrell 1 983 ), mutant and wild-male phenotypes exhibited aboutthe same viability, but mutant males ... withpredators and parasites, but prior to predator satiation (Fig. 5.3) (Southwood1975, 1977, see Chapter 8) . Mortality resulting from competition and canni-1 38 5. POPULATION SYSTEMS005-P 088 772.qxd...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 6 pptx
... cycling, and/or diversity and abundances of other organisms (Klock andWickman 19 78, Leuschner 1 980 , Schowalter and Sabin 1991, Schowalter et al.1991, Seastedt 1 984 , 1 985 , Seastedt and Crossley 1 984 , ... following predator removal (Carpenter andKitchell 1 987 , 1 988 , Dial and Roughgarden 1995, Marquis and Whelan 1994,Oksanen 1 983 ). Manipulations in multiple-trophic–level systems have shown thata manipulated ... state-of-the-art understanding of population dynamics, can be used to focus futureresearch on key questions, and can contribute to improved efficiency of man-agement or manipulation of important...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 10 pot
... Brown and Hyman 1 986 )* on herbaceous plants; ** on woody plants010-P 088 772.qxd 1/24/06 10:47 AM Page 289 that specialized (monophagous) associations almost disappeared at the bound-ary and have ... particular tolerances to disturbance or postdistur-bance conditions (see Chapter 2). Often, legacies from the predisturbance com-munity (such as buried rhizomes, seed banks, woody litter, and animals ... Evans (1 988 ) foundthat grasshopper assemblages showed predictable changes following fire in agrassland in Kansas, U.S.A. The relative abundance of grass-feeding species ini-tially increased...
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Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 11 ppt
... (e.g.,terrestrial organismscaptured by aquatic animals, detritus, and dissolved organic material entering330 11. ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION011-P 088 772.qxd 1/24/06 10: 48 AM Page 330Seastedt and Crossley ... time-integrated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values for 1 987 (from R. Waring and Running 19 98) .011-P 088 772.qxd 1/24/06 10: 48 AM Page 322and Ramakrishnan 1 989 ). Promotion of predaceous ... in many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.IVSECTION ECOSYSTEM LEVEL011-P 088 772.qxd 1/24/06 10: 48 AM Page 313(including detritivores and decomposers) feed on dead plant and animal matter(Whittaker...
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