Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 1 docx

... (Creelman and Mullet 19 97,Farmer and Ryan 19 90, Karban and Baldwin 19 97, Kessler and Baldwin 2002,Thaler 19 99a, Thaler et al. 20 01) , that are triggered by injury or herbivore regur-gitants (McCloud ... al. 19 87, Coley 19 86, Coley et al. 19 85, Hatcher et al. 2004, Herms and Mattson 19 92,M. Hunter and Schultz 19 95, Karban and Niiho 19 95). Plants that supportcolonies of predaceous ants may reduce ... mechanisms also may be used for pro-tection against pathogens.Insects produce a variety of antibiotic and anticancer proteins capable of tar-geting foreign microorganisms (Boman et al. 19 91, ...

... excluded, thesespecies increased to dominate vegetative biomass and replace small-seeded plantIV. EFFECTS OF SEED PREDATION AND DISPERSAL 4 01 013 -P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 11 :03 AM Page 4 01 (Roubik 19 89). ... DISPERSAL020406080 10 0020406080 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 19 89 19 90 19 91 1992Total number of seeds per coneYearSeed damage or yield (%)Total seed per coneSeeds damaged by insectsSeed yieldFIG. 13 .6 Relationship ... predation can be measured by placing marked seeds onthe ground and measuring rate of disappearance (C. Chapman and Chapman 19 96, Heithaus 19 81, O’Dowd and Hay 19 80, Schupp 19 88). Seeds marked withtracers...

... invasiveIV. RESPONSES TO ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES 49002-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 :33 AM Page 49exposed insects. McCreadie and Colbo (19 93) and Adler and McCreadie (19 97)reported that sibling species ... preda-ceous Hymenoptera, and sooty molds (Dixon 19 85, E. Edwards 19 82, N. Elliott etal. 19 87, Huxley and Cutler 19 91) . The abundant water excreted by xylem-feeding spittlebugs is used to create the ... environmental changes, asdescribed earlier, any change will alter insect abundance and distribution andmay increase the incidence of crop pests and vectors of human and animal dis-eases (Stapp...

... cooperation(Axelrod and Hamilton 19 81, Haldane 19 32, Hamilton 19 64, Trivers 19 71, E.Wilson 19 73,Wynne-Edwards 19 63, 19 65, see also Chapter 15 ). Self-sacrifice thatincreases reproduction by closely related individuals ... some sat-urniids are shaped and colored to resemble the heads of snakes (Fig. 4 .11 ) (Grant004-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 :39 AM Page 11 4II. ALLOCATION OF ASSIMILATED RESOURCES 11 3FIG. 4 .10 Examples ... However, some birds use tail fanning or other scareII. ALLOCATION OF ASSIMILATED RESOURCES 11 1004-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 :39 AM Page 11 1 11 4 4. RESOURCE ALLOCATIONFIG. 4 .11 Image of a snake’s head...

... 25–49 50–74 75–99 10 0 14 9 15 0 19 9 200–400 >400Recaptured beetlesDistance moved (m) 19 992000505285 15 6 12 349404054 19 25 14 31 92477 1 4FIG. 5.5 Range of dispersal distances from a population ... distributed amonglife stages.xlxmxlxmx0 1. 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 02 0.2 6 1. 23 0 .1 0 040 0 0 1. 20 1. 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 02 0.2 0 03 0 .1 12 1. 240 0 0 1. 20 1. 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 02 0.2 0 03 0 .1 6 0.640 ... dispersing indi-viduals are exposed to ambient temperature and humidity, high winds, and pred- 14 25. POPULATION SYSTEMS005-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 : 41 AM Page 14 2short life span, and dependence...

... population (Colbert and Campbell 19 78, Leuschner 19 80). AsNNrNrNKrN NKtttttt 11 1 11 11 2 1 11 122 1 +()=+ - - aNNrNNNttttt 11 1 11 1 2+()=+ -pNNrNKN NKttttt 11 1 11 11 2 1 +()=+ ()aIII. ... cycling, and/or diversity and abundances of other organisms (Klock andWickman 19 78, Leuschner 19 80, Schowalter and Sabin 19 91, Schowalter et al. 19 91, Seastedt 19 84, 19 85, Seastedt and Crossley 19 84, ... al. 19 87, Cappuccino 19 92, Harrison 19 94, Lunder-städt 19 81, Ohgushi and Sawada 19 85, Polis and Strong 19 96, Price 19 97, Ritchie2000, Schowalter and Turchin 19 93,Schultz 19 88,Scriber and Slansky...

... 19 7007-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 :43 AM Page 19 7 18 6 7. BIOGEOGRAPHY250300350400450500Planthoppers lost-patch 1 •d 1 aabA0 1 23Immigrants-patch 1 •d 1 a, babB06428 10 12 14 Dispersal ... Density0.850.800.750.650.450.700.600.400.500.550.35TransectX-Coord (m)696000 19 68500 19 70000 19 70500 19 710 00 19 715 00 18 72000697000696500 15 00 14 50 14 00Y-C oord (m)ElevationFIG. 7 .13 Spatial structure of proportion of trees attacked by ... Rocky 19 47. BIOGEOGRAPHY007-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 :43 AM Page 19 4VI. SUMMARY 209dndeS 1 S20.00.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8Distance (km) 1. 0 1. 2 1. 40.5(d)(d) 1. 0 1 km 1. 50.00.5 1. 0 1. 5North...

... affect planthoppers, Prokelisia crocea, through induced emigration than through directNNNNNNtt tttt 21 2 211 2 222 1+ ()=+ -abNNrNrN K rN N Ktttt tt 11 1 11 11 2 11 112 2 1+ ()=+ - - aNNpNNdNttttt 21 ... colonists (Fig. 8 .11 ) (e.g., Harrisonand Karban 19 86, M. Hunter 19 87, Kogan and Paxton 19 83, N. Moran andWhitham 19 90, Sticher et al. 19 97, Van Zandt and Agrawal 2004, Wold and2408. SPECIES ... see Chapter 3).Insects, and related arthropods, represent major predators in terrestrial andaquatic ecosystems. The importance of many arthropods as predators of insectsaa 12 1 1 2 21 2 2 1 367...

... process repeated following Hurricane Georges (19 98).Davidson (19 93), Schowalter (19 81) , and Schowalter and Lowman (19 99) sug-gested that insect outbreaks and other animal activity advance, retard, ... example, reduced predator abun-dance usually increases herbivore abundance, thereby decreasing plant abun-dance (Carpenter and Kitchell 19 87, 19 88, Letourneau and Dyer 19 98).II. SUCCESSIONAL CHANGE ... 19 95, Grime 19 97, Hooper andVitousek 19 97, Tilman and Downing 19 94, Tilman et al. 19 97)? Stability can bedefined as reduced variability in system behavior. However, ecologists have disagreed...