Insect Ecology - An Ecosystem Approach 2nd ed - Chapter 1 docx

... ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO INSECT ECOLOGY 11 0 0 1- P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 : 31 AM Page 11 19 81) has been one of the most important and controversial concepts to emerge from insect ecology. Ecosystem processes ... (Park 19 48, 19 54); predator–prey interaction (Nicholson and Bailey 19 35); mutualism (Batra 19 66, Bronstein 19 98, Janzen 19 66, Morgan 19 68, Rickson 19...

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... (Creelman and Mullet 19 97, Farmer and Ryan 19 90, Karban and Baldwin 19 97, Kessler and Baldwin 2002, Thaler 19 99a, Thaler et al. 20 01) , that are triggered by injury or herbivore regur- gitants (McCloud ... al. 19 87, Coley 19 86, Coley et al. 19 85, Hatcher et al. 2004, Herms and Mattson 19 92, M. Hunter and Schultz 19 95, Karban and Niiho 19 95). Plants that support colonies o...

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... excluded, these species increased to dominate vegetative biomass and replace small-seeded plant IV. EFFECTS OF SEED PREDATION AND DISPERSAL 4 01 013 -P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 11 :03 AM Page 4 01 (Roubik 19 89). ... DISPERSAL 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 19 89 19 90 19 91 1992 Total number of seeds per cone Year Seed damage or yield (%) Total seed per cone See...

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... invasive IV. RESPONSES TO ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES 49 002-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 :33 AM Page 49 exposed insects. McCreadie and Colbo (19 93) and Adler and McCreadie (19 97) reported that sibling species ... preda- ceous Hymenoptera, and sooty molds (Dixon 19 85, E. Edwards 19 82, N. Elliott et al. 19 87, Huxley and Cutler 19 91) . The abundant water excreted by xylem- feeding spittlebugs...

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... cooperation (Axelrod and Hamilton 19 81, Haldane 19 32, Hamilton 19 64, Trivers 19 71, E. Wilson 19 73,Wynne-Edwards 19 63, 19 65, see also Chapter 15 ). Self-sacrifice that increases reproduction by closely related individuals ... some sat- urniids are shaped and colored to resemble the heads of snakes (Fig. 4 .11 ) (Grant 004-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 :39 AM Page 11 4 II. ALLOCATI...

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... 25–49 50–74 75–99 10 0 14 9 15 0 19 9 200–400 >400 Recaptured beetles Distance moved (m) 19 99 2000 505 285 15 6 12 3 49 4040 54 19 25 14 31 9 24 77 1 4 FIG. 5.5 Range of dispersal distances from a population ... distributed among life stages. xl x m x l x m x 0 1. 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 2 0.2 6 1. 2 3 0 .1 0 0 40 0 0 1. 2 0 1. 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 2 0.2 0 0 3 0 .1 12 1. 2 40 0...

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... population (Colbert and Campbell 19 78, Leuschner 19 80). As NNrN rN K rN N K ttt ttt 11 1 11 11 2 1 11 122 1 + () =+ - - a NNrNNN ttttt 11 1 11 1 2+ () =+ -p NNrN KN N K ttt tt 11 1 11 11 2 1 + () =+ () a III. ... cycling, and/or diversity and abundances of other organisms (Klock and Wickman 19 78, Leuschner 19 80, Schowalter and Sabin 19 91, Schowalter et a...

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... 19 7 007-P088772.qxd 1/ 24/06 10 :43 AM Page 19 7 18 6 7. BIOGEOGRAPHY 250 300 350 400 450 500 Planthoppers lost-patch 1 •d 1 aa b A 0 1 2 3 Immigrants-patch 1 •d 1 a, b a b B 0 6 4 2 8 10 12 14 Dispersal ... Density 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.65 0.45 0.70 0.60 0.40 0.50 0.55 0.35 Transect X-Coord (m) 696000 19 68500 19 70000 19 70500 19 710 00 19 715 00 18 72000 697000 696500...

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... affect planthoppers, Prokelisia crocea, through induced emigration than through direct NNNNNN tt tttt 21 2 211 2 22 2 1+ () =+ -ab NNrNrN K rN N K tttt tt 11 1 11 11 2 11 112 2 1+ () =+ - - a NNpNNdN ttttt 21 ... colonists (Fig. 8 .11 ) (e.g., Harrison and Karban 19 86, M. Hunter 19 87, Kogan and Paxton 19 83, N. Moran and Whitham 19 90, Sticher et al. 19 97, Van Zandt...

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... process repeated following Hurricane Georges (19 98). Davidson (19 93), Schowalter (19 81) , and Schowalter and Lowman (19 99) sug- gested that insect outbreaks and other animal activity advance, retard, ... example, reduced predator abun- dance usually increases herbivore abundance, thereby decreasing plant abun- dance (Carpenter and Kitchell 19 87, 19 88, Letourneau and Dyer 19 98). II...

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