Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 12 docx
Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 12 docx
... feeding behaviors and heritable phenotypes. And the strategies and behaviors of others influence the optimal combinationsof behaviors and morphology. We need game theory to analyze the evolu-tion ... between foraging behavior, phenotypicevolution, and community structure.BOX 12. 1 Isolegs and IsodarsThe ideal free distribution (IFD) of Fretwell and Lucas (1969) providesthe basis for understanding ... man-ner form the basis for behavioral indicators that reveal a forager’s perceptionof costs and benefits. Titrations can be used to test models of species interac-tions that involve foraging behaviors.Community...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 6 docx
... herbivore foraging behavior, we must under-stand the dynamics of plant growth. We need to become experts, not just onanimal behavior, but also on plant growth and metabolism (or find someonewho isand ... students of foraging behavior were interested in foraging behavior because they thought it would yield a deeper understanding of predator-preydynamics. They thought we could use an understanding ... specially adapted teeth and jawsin mammals (Lucas1994), mandiblesin insects (Bernays1991), and teeth, jaws, andpost-oral pharyngeal mills in fishes(Clements and Rauben-heimer 2005). An alternative,...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 9 docx
... trade-offs between foraging and mortality followed the samebasic function. Foraging in the Face of Danger 3299 .12 Suggested ReadingsCurrent issues of journals in animal behavior and ecology provide ... to reduce danger.To begin this chapter, I examine why foraging gain and danger are gen-erally linked, and I build a life history framework for modeling foraging and danger. I discuss how danger ... energetic returns and danger from green sunfish. The best explanation for their behavior com-bines food and danger in a life history context (Skalski and Gilliam 2002). Tobuild models of foraging under...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 1 ppt
... prob-lems within behavioral ecology, spurred on by a long-standing interest in sex-ual signaling and other forms of communication (Dall and Johnstone 2002),that may reinvigorate interest in foraging ... general explana-tion for animals’ strong preference for immediacy.In an alternative approach, Stephens and colleagues (Stephens 2002; Ste-phens and Anderson 2001; Stephens and McLinn 2003) ... in ecology in the late 1970s and 1980s and is described in sections 1.8 and 1.9 below. Stephens and Krebs(1986) used the idea of state dependence in two chapters and anticipated thestill-growing...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 2 pdf
... the long-term rate of patch encounter will control patchexploitation patterns, and that travel time patterns such as “long-short-long-short-long-short . . . ” will give the same long-term encounter ... interactions.2.7 The Behavioral Ecology of Information and CognitionInformation problems connect behavioral ecology with basic behavioral mech-anisms such as learning, memory, and decision making. ... will give the same long-term encounter rate as “long-long-long-short-short-short . . . ” Yet these researchers found that observedpatch-leaving behavior reflects the most recently experienced travel...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 3 ppt
... agonist that most effectively mim-ics the effect of glutamate, including the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspar-tic acid) receptor and the AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- 4- isoxazoleproprionate) receptor.Neuropil ... maze, and choice byprimates among concealed food sites are all components of natural foraging, or very similar to components of natural foraging. It is no accident that feed-ing and foraging behavior ... link between foraging and the neuroscience of behavior. 3.5 The HippocampusMany of the cognitive processes involved in foraging, including spatial mem-ory, working memory, episodic and declarative...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 4 pdf
... without ap-parent trial -and- error learning. Although pulling and stepping may be an in-nate motor pattern in birds (see review in Thorpe 1963), several ravens neverCognition for Foraging 125 concentration). ... stimulus.In an experiment that combined a delayed matching-to-sample and a delay-ed symbolicmatching-to-sample procedure, pigeonslearned to forgeta previ-ously presented sample (fig.4.5). This procedure ... tools without under-standing the means-ends relationship. Visalberghi and colleagues (Visalberghi and Limongelli 1996) tested capuchins and chimpanzees using a clear plas-tic tube with a cuplike...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 5 pps
... instance, that plug-flow reactors outper-form bothbatch and continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactorsfor a givenreactorvolumeand when reactionsarecatalytic, but continuous-flow,stirred-tankre-actors outperform ... some in-vertebrates, including hydras and coelenterates; plug-flow reactors are ana-logues for the tubular guts found in most multicellular invertebrates and vertebrates; and continuous-flow, ... be modeled as a large continuous-flow,stirred-tank reactor serially followed by a plug-flow reactor and then a smallcontinuous-flow, stirred-tank reactor (Alexander 1994).Chemical reactor models...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 7 pdf
... understand the selective forces that haveshaped energy storage and expenditure strategies. Such models have becomestandard in evolutionary and behavioral ecology (Stephens and Krebs 1986;Mangel and ... spent on foraging and resting (“stopovers”) before and between migratory flights (Hedenstr¨om and Alerstam 1997). Migra-tion can therefore be seen largely as a foraging enterprise, now and theninterrupted ... stimulated byincreased leptin and insulin (as occurs if one gains a little extra weight),release α-MSH at MC3 and MC4 receptors to reduce food intake and 230 Anders Brodin and Colin W. Clark(Box...
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Stephens & Foraging - Behavior and Ecology - Chapter 8 doc
... acquisition to un-derstand the diversity of provisioning behavior. Like the rest of behavioral ecology, provisioning models emphasize costs and benefits, and they ask how costs and benefits select ... accommodaterate-maximizing and efficiency-maximizing behavior within a single frame-work.Few studies have tested this critical prediction. (Figures 8.1 and 8.2 showmeasured behavior as well ... back- and- forth trips each day, delivering prey to fuel the growth of the nestlings.Better-fed broods grow faster and survive better.Orians and Pearson (1979) invented the term “central place foraging ...
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