... gases (NOx, CO, and CH4) and aerosols (Crutzen and Andreae, 1990; Scholes and Andreae, 2000). Climate effects include the forma-tion of photochemical smog, hydrocarbons, and NOx. Many ... of ferti-lizers and from animal manure;• land-use changes for feed production and for grazing;• land degradation;• fossil fuel use during feed and animal produc-tion; and • fossil fuel ... conversion to appro-priate land uses, and adoption of recommended management practices on cropland and grazing land.” Taking just the grasslands in Africa, if the gains in soil carbon stocks, technologically...