High-power lead–acid batteries for different applications pps

... 2004 Available online 11 January 2005 Abstract High-power lead–acid batteries have been used for a rather long time in various applications, especially for uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) and ... optimizes grid structure for low electrical resistance. Another way to improve the high-power performance is the use of copper as the negative grid material for lead–acid ba...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... nom- inal 20 h capacity. This test is used as a qualification test for batteries for stop&start duty cycles for automotive applications with an acceptance level of 18 units. The results are ... conditions. 5. Electrical performance 5.1. Initial performance The 20 h capacity of the cells at 25 ◦ C was 5.7 Ah on a first test and 6.1 Ah on a second test. The high-rate performance at...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... potential- sweep techniques, offers a rapid and simple means to differentiate the impact of expanders on the performance of negative plates in lead–acid batteries. The resulting discharge and recharge transients ... of NAM, provide a reliable method for selecting the most adequate expander before producing battery prototypes. In future work, similar experiments will be performed at 40, 7...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... energy batteries have been derived from truck batteries by using thicker electrodes and different separators. This seems to be the best way for improving the service life of batteries for SHS ... new electrolyte formulation able to provide suf®cient improve- ment in cycling life for renewable energy applications. 2. Experimental For the development of a new electrolyte formu...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... Journal of Power Sources 158 (2006) 1102–1105 Separators and organics for lead–acid batteries Werner B ¨ ohnstedt ∗ Daramic, LLC., Erlengang 31, D-22844 Norderstedt, Germany Received ... such as antimony, and thus prolong the cycle-life of traction batteries in heavy-duty applications or reduce water loss from automotive batteries. Knowledge about these interactions has opened ways...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... best compromise performancerweightr cost. The forecast applications are: As starter batteries for conventional vehicles, to reduce the fuel consumption. As traction batteries for electric vehicles, ... Negative mass utilisation at different discharge rates. Ž. Journal of Power Sources 78 1999 220–230 Lead–acid batteries with polymer-structured electrodes for electric-vehicle...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... Electric vehicle; Lead–acid batteries; Rapid recharge; Specific energy; Valve-regulated 1. Essential characteristics for electric vehicles Ever since the Air Resources Board in California pro- wx posed ... much Ž. better performance for a string 14 monoblocs cycled with a restricted charge factor. This result adds to a growing body of evidence that correct charging is far more impor- t...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... cycle life for deep-discharge applications in sealed lead-acid batteries. This study is a continuation of our previous studies to develop a high-performance VRLA cell particularly for increasing ... formation capacity had a theoretical capacity of about 200% under the formation. After formation, the plates were washed in running water for several hours and then dried in an oven at 6...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... Electrochemical evaluation; Lead–acid battery; Negative active-material 1. Introduction The economics of lead–acid batteries have led to the search for a rapid and reliable method for the evaluation of the ... performance. The laboratory procedure demonstrates high reliability in scaling-up to production levels. 2. Experimental The expander formulations are listed in Table 1. Their...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... flooded-electrolyte and VRLA batteries. The current distribution in VRLA batteries prepared under different conditions is presented in Fig. 11. As with flooded-electrolyte designs, the group I batteries, i.e., ... above that specified by Pasminco for Bi-bearing oxide. Unlike the behaviour observed for oxygen gassing, however, the rate is greater for high-impurity than for mediu...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20