A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Chapter 1 pot

... This page intentionally left blank 1 Introduction: A new ecology is needed 1. 1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT HAS CHANGED The political agenda imposed on ecologists and environmental managers has changed since ... organism, soil type, drainage basin or depth in a water body. At a larger scale, regional and even globally distributed ecosystems can be evaluated based on a commonality...

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... but in fact only 38 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch003.qxd 4 /12 /2007 15 : 31 Page 38 40 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective Table 3 .1 A non-exhaustive list of various authors ... Perspective natural world to form novel patterns. Furthermore, ontic openness is at least a partial cause of indeterminacy and uncertainty in ecology and thus th...

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... Feedback, after all, has played a central role in much of what is known as the theory of “self-organization” (e.g. Eigen, 19 71; Maturana and Varela, 19 80; DeAngelis et al., 19 86; Haken, 19 88; Kauffman, ... (Schneider and Sagan, 2005). Chapter 4: Ecosystems have directionality 61 Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch004.qxd 4 /12 /2007 17 :23 Page 61 Chapter 4: Ecosystems have directionality...

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... Eutrophicated eutrophicated eutrophicated area before the area after the area area algae crash algae crash EnteromorphaϩUlva 2.099 28. 211 264.642 1. 273 Other macroalgae 16 .14 1 2 .13 8 6 .15 2 0 .16 5 Z. ... year 1 l 1 ) 20 .1 . 10 8 31. 6 . 10 8 0.9 . 10 8 0.3 . 10 8 1. 4 . 10 9 12 .2 . 10 8 1. 0 . 10 8 1. 1 . 10 8 Eco-exergy density (Jl 1 ) 1. 6 . 10 4...

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... 10 2 10 2 10 Ϫ2 10 4 10 6 10 Ϫ3 –0 .1 Organisms 1 1 1 10 6 10 8 10 Ϫ5 10 Ϫ3 Populations 10 Ϫ2 10 –2 10 2 10 8 10 10 10 Ϫ7 10 Ϫ5 Ecosystems 10 Ϫ4 10 –4 10 4 10 10 10 12 10 Ϫ9 10 Ϫ7 1 Openness, spatial scale, ... Perspective 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -1 6 -1 4 -1 2 -1 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 4 6 Log W (g) Log r day -1 Unic...

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... z m 21 21 1 21 11 12 13 21 11 11 (2) 11 () 1 () 1 ϭϭ ϩϩ ϭϩϩϩϩϩ΄΂ ΃LLϩϩϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ ΂΃ ΂΃΅ 1 1 12 12 (2) 12 () 2 13 13 (2) 13 () 3 gg g z gg g z m m LL LL 98 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch005.qxd ... the earlier researches in this field include Finn (19 76, 19 80), Patten et al. (19 76), Levine (19 77, 19 80, 19 88); Ba...

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... normal mortality rate (Grant, 19 86) plus an additional mortality rate due to food shortage and an additional mortality rate caused by a dis- agreement between bill depth and the size and hardness ... account, and that local instabilities can be leading to regional steady-state situations. What we can see is that there are many empirical traps we can fall into. Maybe the connection of empi...

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... is approximate due to the relationships of the peripheries, which expresses the exposure of an area to the environment. 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 11 0 1 10 2 10 3 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 Recovery ... idea of a “balance of nature” or a “natural equilibrium” (Barkmann et al., 20 01) . Chapter 7: Ecosystems have complex dynamics 15 3 Else_SP-Jorgen...

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... factor proposed as a cause of latitudinal diversity gradients is the area of the cli- matic zones. Tropical landmasses have a larger climatically similar total surface area than landmasses at ... explo- sion that devastated the island of Krakatau, located between the islands of Sumatra and Java. The flora and fauna of its remnant and of two adjacent islands were completely exter- minated,...

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... EXPLAIN OUR OBSERVATIONS? Take a walk on a pleasant May day in a temperate deciduous forest, visit the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania when the wildebeests are emigrating North, paddle a canoe through ... organization and operate hierarchically. This prin- ciple is used again and again when ecosystems are described: atoms, molecules, 246 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective...

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