land application of sewage sludge and biosolids chapter 1 pot

... 8,037, 311 21, 726 ,10 1 18 ,15 2,556 24, 510 ,11 1 35,587,804 21, 150 ,17 2 9,036,498 6,262,873 30,432,899 5,634,539 18 0,530,874 367,430 605,046 1, 040,2065,6 1, 050,3255 1, 705, 316 425,2035 511 , 712 5 11 1,8805 819 ,050 ... Sewage Sludge and Biosolids History of Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Production Conclusion References Chapter Characteristics of Sewage Sludge and ... September 12 , 2002 10 :37 AM Table of Contents Chapter Land Application of Biosolids: A Prospective Introduction Use and Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids Systems for the Use or Disposal of Sewage...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... Number of Samples Cd Zn Cu Ni Pb 6.2 h 11 .6 fg 12 .1 fg 12 .4 d 20.6 e 35.5 c 52.0 a 28.4 d 43 .1 b 11 .2 g 12 .8 f 16 .9 5.5 h 8.3 f 7.3 g 13 .4 g 10 .6 e 16 .0 c 17 .7 ab 12 .1 d 16 .4 bc 10 .9 c 18 .3 a 10 .5 ... 252 1. 69 3.65 Chromium 19 9 45 91 100 11 9 429 339.2 440.8 2.86 1. 03 Copper 19 9 45 10 0 10 0 7 41 602 9 61. 8 528.8 1. 30 0.88 Lead 19 9 45 80 10 0 13 4.4 369 19 7.8 3 31. 5 1. 47 0.90 Mercury 19 9 45 63 10 0 ... 2.8 15 .5 2.6 2.98 0.93 Molybdenum 19 9 45 53 75 9.2 17 .7 16 .6 16 .7 1. 79 0.94 Nickel 19 9 45 66 10 0 42.7 13 5 .1 94.8 16 9 .1 2.22 1. 25 Selenium 19 9 45 65 10 0 5.2 7.3 7.3 29 .10 1. 42 4 .16 Zinc 19 9 45 10 0...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... 90 16 14 57 15 7 11 257 517 –2000 42–54993 54–26857 1 17 725 400 10 –675 34 15 65 270 14 5–3292 25 23– 310 0 45– 210 0 10 10 45 27–4 310 5 10 55 10 –734 15 –750 10 –600 2–4 01 1 16 01 2 19 27 10 9 19 21 15 15 4.7 ... Trichloroethylene 13 11 12 11 12 12 12 11 10 12 10 11 11 10 Concentration in Sludges mg/kg, Dry µg/l, Wet Median Range Median Range 3806 12 59 744 722 577 400 338 278 270 250 250 238 248 18 4 12 3 89 12 5 85 90 16 ... Concentration of Sewage Sludge/ Biosolids from 19 76 to 19 96 Year As Cd Cr Cu Pb Hg Mo Ni Se Zn 19 7 61 19792 19 873 19 884 19 965 – 6.7 12 9.9 12 11 0 69 26 6.9 6.4 2620 429 430 11 9 10 3 12 10 602 711 7 41 506 13 60...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... µg/g 17 . 61 18 .15 25 .14 25.32 17 .47 27.58 11 .75 21. 49 16 .72 6.78 11 .97 28. 51 16.08 15 .32 0 .16 2.06 0 .12 0.77 1. 67 1. 05 1. 87 0.75 1. 44 5 .18 0 .14 0.88 0 .16 1. 66 2. 519 0.728 2.346 3.033 1. 654 2.744 1. 048 ... 1. 048 1. 890 1. 279 0.5 01 1.082 2.006 1. 692 1. 403 13 60 590 930 3760 340 2 010 56 14 90 13 0 26 610 490 2440 630 44 28 16 33 10 10 22 780 12 0 18 90 210 0 550 17 0 32 Source: Adapted from Parker and Sommers, ... Number of Samples 10 9 205 14 3 29 16 5 208 Median mg/kg Range 4–760 84 10 ,400 18 – 710 0 5–39 2–3,520 10 1–27,800 Mean 33 850 260 30 82 1, 740 77 12 10 380 28 320 2790 1. 1 1. 3 Percent Iron 16 5

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... 5.8 7.2 0 .16 0 .18 1. 6 1. 0 0.8 1. 2 1. 0 2.8 46.5 Biosolids 5.0 6.0 18 .0 11 19 16 .1 17.7 7.0 0 .18 0.8 0.6 0.4 Grain Concentration – mg/kg 1 5 6 10 Control 1 5 6 10 Biosolids 11 19 1. 7 2.4 0.07 0.03 ... Stover 88.9 72.8 66.5 88.0 11 2 66.6 10 1 11 9 87.3 10 5 11 4 75.8 14 0 15 3 12 1 10 7 15 4 10 5 25.6 32.8 27.6 35.9 36.7 29.6 Corn Grain 37.0 41. 0 39.3 45.2 55 37.3 37.4 42 .1 46.8 39.5 55.4 38.8 44.7 50.7 ... 0.5 1. 1 1. 3 1. 9 3.3 1. 4 Nickel – mg/kg in Edible Tissue 0.6 0.9 1. 3 1. 4 1. 4 2.5 0.7 0.8 1. 2 2.4 1. 5 1. 7 1. 4 4 .1 3.5 1. 2 3.6 2.7 1. 5 2.7 4.3 1. 0 3.3 2.6 Source: Corey et al., 19 87, pp 25– 51, A.L...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... Netherlands O’Connor, G.A., D Kiehl, G.A Eiceman and J.A Ryan, 19 90, Plant uptake of sludge borne PCBs, J Environ Qual 19 : 11 3 11 8 Overcash, M.R., 19 83, Land treatment of municipal effluent and sludge: ... Zebeck and P Rygwiecz, 19 87, Effects of trace organics in sewage sludges on soil–plant systems and assessing their risks to humans, pp 10 1 14 3, A.L Page et al., (Eds.), Land Application of Sludge ... Toxicol Chem 12 : 18 13 18 20 Madsen, T., P Kristensen, L Samso-Petersen, J Torslov and J.O Rasmussen, 19 97, Application of sludge on farmland — quality objectives, level of contamination and environmental...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... Disease in 25-75% of Subjects Tested Minimum Dosage to Produce Disease in Any Individual Number of Organisms 10 2 10 5 10 5 10 9 10 6 10 10 10 3 10 11 >10 10 10 1 10 4 10 6 10 3 10 10 10 1 10 3 – 10 1 10 1 The dosage ... perfringens Escherichia coli 10 10 4 10 6 10 10 10 4 10 10 Salmonella (various species) Shigella dysenteriae 10 2 10 2 10 10 10 10 2 10 10 9 10 2 10 9 10 2 10 9 10 9 10 10 10 3 10 3 10 11 Shigella flexneri Streptococcus ... 2.8 × 10 3 a 7.2 1. 0 1. 1 2.4 6.0 × × × × × 10 2 10 1 10 2 10 2 10 0 3.9 × 10 2 Gaby, 19 75; Noland et al., 19 78 Gaby, 19 75; Noland et al., 19 78; Counts & Shuckrow, 19 74; SAC, 19 79 Gaby, 19 75; Noland et...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... 0–5 5 15 NA 28 NA 17 NA 10 NA 14 NA 63 NA 24 NA NA 0–5 84 25 19 12 16 5 60 16 5 15 49 16 10 56 32 0–5 16 17 0 40 28 350 15 5 5 15 35 70 42 NA NA NA NA Viruses 0–5 5 15

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... Biosolid Application Rate (Mg/ha/ Number Year) of Years Control (Mg/ha/ Year) Biosolids (Mg/ha/Year) Increase (%) 11 6 14 .9 20.5 38 6.5 9.8 51 15 16 .8 17 .4 7.9 8.6 18 9.8 11 .2 14 11 6 17 .6 19 9.2 9.6 Potato ... Prevention of surface and groundwater from disturbed soils Increased productivity of timber ©2003 CRC Press LLC 20 15 10 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 86 19 84 19 82 19 80 19 78 19 76 19 74 ... ± 1. 0a 9 .1 ± 2.2b 240 Biosolids Rate – Mg/ha 870 690 7.6 ± 3.1a 2.2 ± 1. 2a 11 .0 ± 2.5a 6 .1 ± 2.2b No plants 8.4 ± 2.4b 7.7 ± 3.1a 2.0 ± 1. 1b 11 .4 ± 3.1a Average of 19 85 to 19 90 harvests, at 15 .5%...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... Control 15 Mg/ha 30 Mg/ha 45 Mg/ha Year II 1. 68 1. 42 1. 52 1. 70 1. 36 1. 36 1. 51 1.62 0 .15 0 .18 0. 21 0 .19 Control 15 Mg/ha 30 Mg/ha 45 Mg/ha Year III 1. 53 1. 07 1. 42 1. 31 0.95 0. 71 1.02 0.85 0 .10 0 .11 ... 0.03 5.9 16 .3 0 .12 1. 7

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... 4200 14 1. 6 20 12 0 10 0 60 0.5 32 1. 6 220 14 1. 6 30 210 15 0 90 0.8 32 2.4 330 Based on Guidelines for the Utilization of Biosolids and Other Wastes on Agricultural Land Ontario Ministry of the ... EU2 Lowest member state 1. 9 15 0 75 0.85 15 21 140 – 0 .15 – 12 0 .1 15 – 30 0.25 Denmark3 0.002 Sweden 0 .1 Sweden 0.6 Sweden 0.0 01 Finland 0 .1 Sweden 0.05 Sweden 0 .15 UK4 0.8 Sweden Proposed future ... and biosolids management in Europe, Sewage Sludge Treatment and Disposal in Spain, IQPC, Ltd., England; Madrid, Spain McGrath, S.P., M.C Chang, A.L Page and E Witter, 19 94, Land application of sewage...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 09:21

... interdisciplinary­ and integrated analysis required to comprehend land use, as well as the role and importance of land use, land use change, and land management and policy, and the importance of land use ... processes, and impacts of change7 Differences and inter-relationships between land use and land cover8,9 ,10 Interaction of socioeconomic and biophysical processes 11, 12 ,13 ,14 Multiple spatial and temporal ... Of CHANGE IN SPACE AND TIME D Land use and land cover changes are inherently spatial and dynamic The magnitude and impact of changes in land use and land cover are such that land use change is...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... 0.037330598 – 0.04977 413 1 0.04977 413 1 – 0.062 217 664 0.062 217 664 – 0.0746 611 97 0.0746 611 97 – 0.08 710 4730 0.08 710 4730 – 0.099548262 0.099548262 – 0 .11 19 917 95 0 .11 19 917 95 – 0 .12 4435328 12 0 Frequency Legend ... 2003 11 Grove, J M et al Data and methods comparing social structure and vegetation ­structure of urban neighbourhoods in Baltimore, Maryland Society and Natural Resources 19 , 11 7 13 6, 2006 12 ... area of high conservation value (m) Primary occupationa Farmer 1, 614 Non-farmer 794 Small (< 10 0 ha) 829 Property sizea Medium (10 0–499 ha) 1, 425 Large (500 and over) 1, 642 Yes 1, 063 No 1, 600 Landcare...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... = 46,420) (N = 14 8 ,18 1) Mean Proportion of suitable soils Deforested Mean Mean 62. 51 63.78 62 .11 Rainfall (mm) 1, 177.46 1, 148.02 1, 186.69 Elevation (m) 1, 230 .12 1, 052.06 1, 285. 91 5.65 Slope 5.2 ... Annual forest lossa (HaY 1) 19 00 3 .1 × 10 6 12 .7 19 26 2.6 × 10 6 10 .8 1. 8 × 10 4 19 58 1. 1 × 10 6 4.8 4.7 × 10 4 Own calculations Source: Langdale-Brown (19 60) .12 a More detailed definitions take into ... defined as loss of forest cover or forested land, 1, 14 while Van Kooten and Bulte15 define it as the removal of trees from a forested site and the conversion of land to another use, most often agriculture...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... Residual Sum of Fractions 10 0 12 6 75 13 7 12 5 563 34 10 64 13 0 17 0 211 16 08 Dorchester The soil at the Dorchester site is a sandy loam containing 9% organic matter in the surface horizon (0 to 15 cm) ... Bayonne 6 .1 7.9 Sandy loam Sandy loam 9.0 2.5 21 33 32 13 9 Copyright © 2000 by Taylor & Francis 13 19 Pb Zn 735 14 38 10 1 454 with the residual fraction (Table 1. 2) Assuming that most of the lead ... Copyright © 2000 by Taylor & Francis LA 411 3 FM Page Saturday, August 14 , 19 99 10 :07 AM Contributors J Scott Angle University of Maryland Dept of Natural Resources and Landscape Architecture College Park,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:20

... kg -1 soil) 1. 65( .12 ) 1. 59(.09) 1. 47( .10 ) 1. 63(.04) 1. 71( .14 ) 1. 72( .12 ) 1. 37( .10 ) 1. 43( .11 ) 1. 58( .13 ) 1. 60( .10 ) 1. 31( .14 ) 1. 30( .10 ) 1. 57( .10 ) 1. 58( .13 ) 1. 19(.08) 1. 25( .12 ) 1. 49( .13 ) 1. 49( .14 ) 1. 20( .12 ) ... 1. 20( .12 ) 1. 34( .10 ) 1. 61( .14 ) 1. 65( .13 ) 1. 32(.09) 1. 49(.09) 1. 63(.09) 1. 67( .13 ) 1. 24(.08) 1. 41( .09) 1. 55( .12 ) 1. 63(.09) 1. 20( .13 ) 1. 34(.09) 1. 53( .10 ) 1. 62( .12 ) 1. 15(.09) 1. 17(.09) 1. 47( .11 ) 1. 55( .15 ) ... 497 (12 ) 97(4) 477 (16 ) 420 (15 ) 13 35(70)b 17 7 (13 ) 10 45(50)b 77(4) 9 41( 44) 80(3) 980(57)b Cu Mo B 11 (.4) 6(.2) 5(.2) 4(.2) 1( .1) 4(.2) 6( .1) 5( .1) 1( .1) 1( .1) 4( .1) 3( .1) < .1 < .1 < .1 < .1 737( 41) 13 8(6)...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:20

... in sludges and effluents 12 0 -14 1 In Proc J Conf on Recycling Municipal Sludges and Effluents on Land Nat Assoc St Univ and Land Grant Coll., Washington, D.C Chaney, R.L 19 83 Plant uptake of inorganic ... 12 60 310 0 2060 0.5 4.6 1. 9 1. 5 Cd Zn Pb 5.3 4.5 7.8 7.5 58 64 86 77 0.8 0.8 2 .1 1.7 metal enriched by land application of ash from a sewage sludge incinerator during a period when the sludge ... rubicaulis 18 00 13 ,700 38 ,10 0 10 ,200 14 ,900 11 ,500 Pennsylvania Zaire N Caledonia Zaire Wyoming N Caledonia Ref Reeves and Brooks, 19 83b Li et al., 19 97 Brooks et al., 19 92 Kersten et al., 19 79 Brooks,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:20

... numbers of leaves The composition of all hydroponic solutions was as follows: 0.28 mmol L -1 Ca2+, 0.6 mmol L -1 K+, 0.2 mmolL -1 Mg2+, 0 .1 mmol L -1 NH4+, 1. 16 mmolL -1 NO 3-, 0 .1 mmol L -1 H 2PO4-, ... 18 3 ± 61 89 ± 28 12 9 16 4 ± 82 15 4 ± 14 14 4 ± 47 21 ± 34 44 ± 15 76 ± 24 19 3 ± 48 Note: nmol g -1 root dry biomass (SD; n = 3) TABLE 10 .3 Nickel Accumulation During Hydroponic CoCulture of Thlaspi ... TABLE 10 .1 Amino Acids in Sterile Root Exudates of T goesingense Exposed to Various Metals His Control Ni Co Zn Cd Ser Gly Gln 21 ± 25 ± 24 ± 12 ± 8 1 156 ± 55 18 5 ± 10 0 35 ± 88 ± 73 47 ± 17 17 4...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:20

... Plant-Microbe Interact 4, 5 -13 , 19 91 Neilands, J.B., Microbial iron compounds Annu Rev Biochem 50, 715 -7 31, 19 81 Neilands, J.B and S.A Leong, Siderophores in relation to plant growth and disease Annu Rev ... Microbiol Lett 11 0, 2 31- 238, 19 93 Corbisier, P., E Thiry, and L Diels, Bacterial biosensors for the toxicity assessment of solid wastes Environ Toxicol Water Qual 11 , 17 1 -17 7, 19 96 Corbisier, ... ferric iron Production of siderophores by antagonists further limits the already limited supply of iron in the environment (Neilands, 19 81; Neilands and Leong, 19 86) Growth of pathogens is therefore...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:20

... U.K., 19 86, 1- 64 Cutter, G.A and Bruland, K.W The marine biogeochemistry of selenium: a re-evaluation Limnol Oceanogr 29, 11 79 -11 92, 19 84 Duce, R.A., Hoffman, G.L., and Zoller, W.H Science 18 7, ... driver of Se biogeochemistry (Cutter and Bruland, 19 84; Cooke and Bruland, 19 87), as they are in the case of the sulfur cycling (e.g., Andreae, 19 86; Bates et al., 19 87) Recent findings in the marine ... Waterbury, J.B., Herdman, M., and Stanier, R.Y Genetic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria J Gen Microbiol 11 1, 1- 61, 19 79 Skorupa, J.P and Ohlendorf, H.M Contaminants...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:20