... transmission channel can be determined from its bandwidth, by use of the following formula derived by Shannon. C= 2Blog2M bps Where B = bandwidth in hertz and M levels are used for each signaling ... special case where only two levels, ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ are used (binary), M = 2 and C = 2 B. As an example, the maximum data transfer rate for a PSTN channel of bandwidth 3200 hertz carrying a binary ... signals pass through a communications channel the atomic particles and molecules in the transmission medium vibrate and emit random electromagnetic signals as noise. The strength of the transmitted...