Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P3 pps

... multi-threading and multicore processors requiring an explicit speciﬁcation of parallelism.2.2 Flynn’s Taxonomy of Parallel Architectures Parallel computers have been used for many years, and many ... 2.3 (a) for anillustration.14 2 Parallel Computer ArchitectureChaps. 3 and 5. To perform message-passing, two processes PA and PBon differentnodes A and B issue corresponding send and receive ... are usually based on standard computers and evenstandard network topologies. The entire cluster is addressed and programmed as asingle unit. The popularity of clusters as parallel machines comes...

Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P3 pot

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Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P1 ppsx

... relevant for modern and future mul-ticore processors.The second part presents parallel programming models, performance models, and parallel programming environments for message passing and shared ... WaitandNotify 3206.2.4 Extended Synchronization Patterns . . 326Thomas Rauber · Gudula R¨unger Parallel Programming For Multicore and Cluster Systems123vi Prefaceemphasis lies on parallel ... be the main area for parallel computing for many years. The expansion of the application area for parallel computing will lead toan enormous need for software developers with parallel programming...

Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P7 pps

... left) of β and selects the output link for forwarding the message according to the following rule:• for βk= 0, the message is forwarded over the upper link of the switch and • for βk= 1, ... switch can forward the message without52 2 Parallel Computer ArchitectureFig. 2.23 Illustration of pathselection for west-ﬁrstroutinginan8×8mesh.Thelinks shown as blocked areused for other ... αi= 0 and βi= 1} and E1={i ∈ E | αi= 1 and βi= 0}.Message transmission from A to B is split into two phases accordingly: First, themessage is sent into the dimensions in E0 and then...

Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P9 pps

... for the L1 cache, between 15 and 25 cycles for the L2 cache, between 100 and 1000 cycles for the main memory, and between 10 and 100 million cycles for the hard disc [137].2.7.3 Cache CoherencyUsing ... Kbytes and 8 Mbytes for the L2 cache. Typical sizes of the main memory liebetween 1 Gbyte and 16 Gbytes. Typical access times are one or a few processorcycles for the L1 cache, between 15 and ... a direct mapped cache. For v = 1 and k = m, a fully associative cache results. Typical cases are v = m/4 and k = 4, leading to a 4-way set associative cache, and v = m/8 and k = 8,leading to...

Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P10 pps

... memory accesses must beatomic and since memory accesses must be performed one after another. There-fore, processors may have to wait for quite a long time before memory accessesthat they have ... (4).Thus, both P1 and P2may print the old value for x1 and x2, respectively.Partial store ordering (PSO) models relax both the W → W and the W → Rordering required for sequential consistency. ... also be used for sharedmemory machines. Examples are the Sun T1 and T2 processors, see [84] for moredetails.2.7.4 Memory ConsistencyCache coherence ensures that each processor of a parallel system...

Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P11 ppsx

... of single systems and provide an abstract view for the design and analysis of parallel programs.3.1 Models for Parallel SystemsIn the following, the types of models used for parallel processing ... assignments of Fortran 90/95, see [49, 175, 122]. Other examples for data -parallel programming languages are C* and data -parallel C [82], PC++ [22],DINO [151], and High-Performance Fortran (HPF) ... architecture. Acomputational model for parallel processing is the PRAM (parallel random accessmachine) model, which is a generalization of the RAM model and is described inChap. 4.The programming...

Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P17 pps

... literature.4.2 Performance Metrics for Parallel ProgramsAn important criterion for the usefulness of a parallel program is its runtime on aspeciﬁc execution platform. The parallel runtime Tp(n) ... Examples for syntheticbenchmarks are Whetstone [36, 39], which has originally been formulated in For- tran to measure ﬂoating-point performance, and Dhrystone [174] to measure inte-ger performance ... Per-formance Evaluation Cooperation), see www.spec.org for detailed information.The cooperation was founded in 1988 with the goal to deﬁne a standardized per-formance evaluation method for...

Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P18 ppsx

... directions. For real parallel systems, this property is usuallyfulﬁlled.4.2 Performance Metrics for Parallel Programs 1654.2.2 Scalability of Parallel ProgramsThe scalability of a parallel program ... operations must beperformed, and different load balancing may result, leading to different parallel execution times for different program versions. Analytical modeling can help toperform a pre-selection ... operation on this linear array can beperformed in three time steps.162 4 Performance Analysis of Parallel Programs4.2.1 Speedup and EfﬁciencyThe cost of a parallel program captures the runtime...

Parallel Programming: for Multicore and Cluster Systems- P19 ppsx

... mes-sages received in phase 2.The phases 1 and 2 can be performed simultaneously and take time 2d. Phase 3has to be performed after phase 2 and takes time ≤ 2d− 1. In summary, the time2d+2d−1 ... 2d+1−1 results.4.4 Analysis of Parallel Execution TimesThe time needed for the parallel execution of a parallel program depends on• the size of the input data n, and possibly further characteristics ... p; and • the communication parameters, which describe the speciﬁcs of the communica-tion of a parallel system or a communication library. For a speciﬁc parallel program, the time needed for...

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