... seen in terms of decision,management, and predictions. Solutions are seen in terms of faster access to moreinformation and of increased aid in analyzing, understanding, and utilizing thatinformation ... peaks in parallel, and hence reducing the possibility of local minimumtrapping. In addition, GA works with a coding of parameters instead of theparameters themselves. The parameter coding will ... security margins. Physical constraints must include generator and load busvoltage levels, line flow limits, and reserve margins. In practice, none of these1.2 Optimization Techniques 19a powerful digital...