Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - E potx

... 54 Easter Island. sweet potatoes being the most important. Taro, yams, sugar- cane, bananas, gourds, turmeric, and arrowroot were also grown while berries and seabird eggs were gathered. Fish pro- vided some protein, although fishing was never a major sub- sistence activity. Easter Islanders continue to farm small plots today, although maize is now the major crop and Chilean cui- sine has rep...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... would begin with a brief, secular outburst that had no connection with unplacated ghosts. Some con- federations in an alliance would turn against their supposed allies and make a surprise attack on villages, killing men, women, and children indiscriminately. The alliance would be broken apart, and both sides would withdraw from a kilo- meter-wide area, which would become a fallow no-man'...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... the early 1950s, a Lutheran mission was founded at Tarabo, the colonial government opened a patrol post at Okapa, and various new garden crops, domesticated animals, items of clothing, and other manufactured goods were intro- duced. Also, subsistence activities began to be augmented by a nascent commercial economy. The first coffee seedlings were planted in 1955, and Fore men began to ventu...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... create four submoieties or de- scent groups. Out of these lineages twenty-five households have been established. The entire population is evidently de- scended from a single family, and so it constitutes one great bilateral kin group. Before the moieties were established the people were led by one chief or ariki. When the community split so did the office of ariki, with his ritual powers...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... one's clan, so that aboriginal Selepet society was highly fragmented into warring factions. With the arrival of Europeans came peace, a greater freedom of movement, and an increased awareness of other peoples, so that loyalty has been extended to increas- ingly inclusive sociopolitical groups. Today the people seek to negotiate rather than resort to violence. Religion and Expressiv...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... province of the Dutch. Their primary motivation was business, particularly in spices, and in 16 02 they established the Dutch United East India Company. From their bases in the 'Dutch East Indies" (Ma- laysia and Indonesia), Dutch ships probed to the east, with Willem Schouten and Jacob le Maire sailing along the north- em coast of New Guinea and eastward to Futuna and Tonga in...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... Ajii 7 donia changed the spelling to 'Kanak" and this marked the birth of a Black-power type of consciousness. If they are suc- cessful in their quest for independence, their new country will be named "Kanaky." Location. Ajii is spoken primarily on the east coast of New Caledonia's main island, La Grande Terre, from Monio to Kouaoua in the Houailou Valley, but i...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... the islands when they wished to com- municate, and European missionaries chose Bau for transla- tion of the Bible. Europeanized Bauan, sometimes also called Old High Bauan, has now become the basis for Standard Fi- jian, which is in the Oceanic Branch of Austronesian languages. History and Cultural Relations Although Fiji has been inhabited for at least 3,500 years, much intervening histo...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... are often called in when conflict threatens to get out of control. In most of these cases when police help is sought, the dispute is subsequently settled with payment of damages, determined during a com- munity meeting, followed by a ceremony of reconciliation. Conflict. Although, as mentioned, the Chambri lived in relative peace with their neighbors, they were, on occasion, both perp...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... of relatively easy ac- cess to new and desired Western goods, as well as a reaction to the breakdown of the traditional sociopolitical and socio- economic systems, contributed to the development of the "Masinga Rule" movement (often translated as "Marching Rule," but there is evidence that masinga means "brother- hood" in one of Guadalcanal's dialect...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20