Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 2 - Oceania - D potx

... the Western Dani re- gion, and the Jale, or Eastern Dani, got their stones from even further east. Other tools were made locally. They made no pottery or bark cloth. Gourds were used for water containers and also for penis covers. String rolled from the inner bark of local bushes was used extensively to make carrying nets, wom- en's skirts, and ornaments. Rattan torso armor for protect...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... a person leads to emo- tional distress among others and is spontaneously and cere- monially lamented, sometimes for months. The corpse tradi- tionally was placed in a tree and protected against rainfall with bark and leaves. After mummification the body was put under the roof of a garden house. Later, in a third ceremony, the bones were placed under rock shelters. The complete cycle of ce...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... the villages. Most of the houses are set on the inland side of the road, with their household garden plots behind the house. The oval-shaped thatched houses are sur- rounded by low concrete walls to keep the pigs from attacking the crops and have open sides, except for coconut-frond blinds that can be let down in bad weather. Most houses have very recently been wired for electricity and h...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... a world inhabited by a variety of non- human spirits, most of which are dangerous to humans who come into contact with them. Each clan has one or more powerful spirits or power embodied in an animal form, in sea life, or in a landscape feature on clan land. Spirits of the dead, particularly those of individuals who died a violent death, can be a source of danger to humans who enco...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... Siwai 303 ress Society was established to market cocoa, copra, and other local commodities; the society grew rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s but collapsed as individual producers traded di- rectly with east coast wholesalers. Most villages have at least one trade store. Division of labor. Horticulture was and is women's work, and women worked in the gardens four times as much as men in...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... Introduction xxxi neers, preying on the Spanish galleons that by then regularly sailed between the Philippines and South America, but oth- ers were in search of colonies or scientific knowledge. French navigators such as Philip Carteret and Louis Antoine de Bou- gainville explored the Solomon Islands, and the Englishman Samuel Wallis visited the Marshall Islands, Tahiti, and other parts o...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... in the 1930s, chiefs lost the power of life or death over their followers; however, the central government exercised little control over the inter- nal political and legal affairs ofthe island throughout the co- lonial era. Today, Ambae remains largely autonomous in con- ducting its legal affairs. Ambaeans process most disputes and a broad range of offenses in village and district courts....

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... the islands when they wished to com- municate, and European missionaries chose Bau for transla- tion of the Bible. Europeanized Bauan, sometimes also called Old High Bauan, has now become the basis for Standard Fi- jian, which is in the Oceanic Branch of Austronesian languages. History and Cultural Relations Although Fiji has been inhabited for at least 3,500 years, much intervening histo...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... 38 Choiseul Island Location. Choiseul covers an area of 2, 100 square kilome- ters, is about 130 kilometers long and 12. 8 to 32. 2 kilometers across, and is generally a mass of deep valleys and sharp, jungle-clad ridges, mostly between 24 3 to 606 meters in ele- vation (maximum elevation 160 meters). Average daytime coastal temperature is 26 0 to 32 C, and rainfall averages 25 4...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20

... a largely futile attempt to establish their innocence. Religious Practitioners. Spirit people are contacted by male spirit mediums in all-night spirit seances held on aver- age once every eleven days. The spirit medium sits quietly in a darkened longhouse and self-induces a trance. His own spirit departs and is replaced by beautiful spirit women who chant in high falsetto voices. Their songs...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 17:20