Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 51 ppsx

... ofUNESCOafterthefirstWorldComputerCongressof1959.Anum-beroftechnicalcommitteesprovideexpertiseontech-nologicalmatters.http://www.ifip.or.at/© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary provideaforumforparticipationintheplanningandadministrationofthe ... preliminaryradioconferencein1903lead-ingtotheRadioRegulationsandfoundingoftheIn-ternationalRadioConsultativeCommittee(CCIR).In1934,thenamewasbroadenedtoInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.ItbecameanagencyoftheUnitedNationsinOctober1947,andthehead-quarterswastransferredfromBernetoGenevain1948.TheUnionlaterbecameknownastheCCITT,astherewereanumberofcelssetupfordifferentareasofcommunicationinthe1920s;theCCITandtheCCIFwereamalgamatedin1956.In1992,animportantconferencetookplaceinwhichtheorganizationwasevaluatedwiththeaitpofup-datingittoalignwiththecomplex,changingenvi-ronmentofcurrentandfuturetechnologies.Theor-ganizationhasrecentlybeenrenamedInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)becausethefunda-© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary crackles, echo, babble, chatter, crosstalk, cosmicnoise, and background noise. See individual entriesinthis dictionary fordetails.interference ... Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary International Special Committee on Radio Inter-ferenceCISPR.Aninternational committeewithmembersfromabroadspectrumoftheradiocom-munications/engineeringindustrywhoworktopro-moteinternationalagreementonaspectsofradioin-terferencetofacilitateinternationaltrade.CISPRiscomposedofanumberofinternationalorganizationspluseachNationalCommitteeoftheInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC).Through...

... DocumentA/54whichdescribesuseoftheDTS.TheDTSisbasedupontheISO/IECMPEG-2VideoStandard,theDigitalAu-dioCompression(AC-3)Standard,andtheISOIIECMPEG-2SystemsStandard.Itwas part ofanongo-ingefforttoupgrade consumer broadcasting pro-grammingandequipmenttoreflectimprovementsintechnology.TheDigitalTelevisionStandardwas,inlarge part, adoptedbytheFederal ... Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary thatsupportsmid-rangespeedsandthetransmissionofbothvoiceanddataoverexistingcopper-pairwires.ADSLisbecomingapopularcost-effectiveoptionforfaster ... withthetimeontheNavy'sclock.Thissynchronizationisusefulfortime-sensitivefileanddatabasemanagementandfortime-critical e-commerce applicationssuchasstockandauction transactions. Accurate time-stampinforma-tionisalsousefulforcomputer-basedlegaltransac-tionsandevent...

... ofenergyintheactivescintillatorelementsproduceslight,someofwhichmaybere-emittedandshiftedastoitswavelengthwithcoiledwavelength-shiftingfiberswithinthetilestructure.Thelightcanthenbetransmittedthroughanoptical fiber toaphototubeorphotomultipliertubewhereitisconvertedtoelec-tricalenergy.Seecalorie,scintillator,wavelength-shifting.CALSContinuousAcquisitionandlife-CycleSup-port(formerlyComputer-aidedAcquisitionandlo-gisticsSupport).ADepartmentofDefense(000)strategyforthecreation,use,andexchangeofweap-ons-relateddigitaldata.CALSCHThecalendaringandschedulingworkinggroupoftheIETF.SeeiCalendar.camAcompactdigitaloranalogvideocamerain-tendedforuseinonelocationforanextendedperiod,asopposedtoastillorvideocamerathatiscarriedaroundwiththeusertomanylocations(afewverytinycamsareintendedtobebody-wornorcarriedinapurseorbriefcase).Camsarealsodistinguishedbyhavingfewornocontrolsotherthanbasicaimingandfocusingcapabilities.Camsareusuallymountedonsmallstandsormaybehiddenwithinotherrealorsimulateddevicessuchasclockradiosandsmokede-tectors.TheymaybewiredorwirelessandareofteninterfacedwithacomputeroraVCRfortransmis-sionorrecordingofthecamimages.Camsarebecomingverypopoularforvideoconfer-encing,babymonitoring,Internetsecurity,remotemonitoring(childrenatadaycarecenterorwildlifethathasbeenreleasedafterbeingfittedwithacam),andsurveillanceactivities.Inrecentyearsthepriceofasmall,highresolutioncolorcamerahasdroppedfrom$600tolessthan$100.Seecamcorder.cam,stump ... Asourceoflaserilluminationbasedupongaseousmolecularaction.Anammonia-basedinfraredlaserwasfirstdescribedinapatentapplicationin1956byR.Dicke.CarbondioxidelasersweredevelopedbyA.Javanintheearly1960s.Fromsignalingandspectroscopytowelding,steel-cutting,etching,anddelicatesurgery,thecarbondi-oxidelaserissuitableforhundredsofapplicationswherepowerandprecisionareimportant.Ithasevenbeenshowncapableofhaltinginfectionsandprevent-ingextendedtissuedamagethatcouldrequiream-putation.Earlyin2002,CoherentPhotonicsGroupannouncedthattheyhaddevelopedthefirstindustrialQ-switchedCO2laser.Thelaseremitshigh-energy,high-repeti-tion,narrowpulsessuitableformicromachining/drill-inglPCboardapplications.AbasicCOt!asercanbebuiltinalabwithoff-the-shelfparts.Note,CO2lasersgeneratehigh-energybeamsthatcancutthroughsteel.Safetyknowledgeregardingassemblyanduseisessential.Seehelium-neonlaser,laserhistory.carborundumAsubstancewithrectifyingproper-tiesthatwasusedinearlyradiowavecrystaldetec-tors.Unlikethepopulargalena,whichrequiredverydelicatecontactandtuning,carborundumcouldbeclampedtightandsealedfirmlywithinthedetectorunit,makingitsuitableforfieldworkandroughhan-dling.MuchofthepioneerworkoncarborundumdetectorswasdonebyH.Dunwoody ... MachineTelephoneCTM.Oneoftheear-liestphonecompaniestouseautomaticswitching,technologythatwasdevelopedjointlybyGeorgeandJamesLorimerandRomaineCallender.TheLorimerbrothersestablishedCMTinPeterborough,Ontario,Canadain1897,andthereproducedthefirstcom-mercialCallenderExchange.TheLorimerscontin-© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary ofcablesleadingintoabuildingordistributionframe.Cable...

... conversionTheconversionofdatastoredasdiscreteunits,usuallyinonesandzerosoncomputersystems,tomodulatedanalogwavepat-terns.Amodemisacommondevicewhichperformsdigitaltoanalogconversionwhenchangingcomputersignalstomodulatedanalogsignalsthatcanbecar-riedelectricallythroughaphonelineconnection.Theprocessisreversedatthereceivingend.SeeD/Acon-version,modem.DigitalVersatileDiscDVD.Alsofrequentlyreferredtoasdigitalvideodisc,whenthecontentisprimarilyimage-based,buttheformatisnotlimitedtovideoimages,andalargeproportionofdigitalvideodiscsalsocontainaudio.DVDisavendorconsortium-developed18 0-9 66 0- © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary satellitethattransmitsasignalthatcanbepickedupbyindividualhomeandbusinesssubscribers,with-outgoingthroughanintermediarystation.Sincedirectbroadcastsaretransmittedtosmallcon-sumerdishes,andthesizeofthedishisrelatedtothelengthoftheradiantwavesbeingreceived,thehigherwavelengthsareused,suchasKu-bandfrequencies.Thispermitsadishassmallastwoorfourfeetindi-ametertobeeffective.Further,asDBSsystemsaretransmittedtothesmallconsumerdishesratherthantoastationwithapowerfulreceivingantenna,itwasnecessaryforthemtousehighpowertransmissions,usuallyaround40to160watts,farmorethanwasbeingusedforC-bandcommunicationsinthe1980swhenDBSbegantodevelop.(Todaysatellitescandeliveralmosttentimesthatpower.)DBStothehomepresentsanumberofthesamemoralchallengesaswidespreadaccesstotheInternet.DBSprovidersareconcernedaboutillegalconsumercopy-ingandredistributionofprogramming,andconsum-ersareconcernedaboutprogramcontent.Theseis-suesarestillbeingstudiedandresolved.DBSsystemguidelinesforEuropewereoriginallyestablishedbysegmentingthe11.7to12.5GHzfre-quency ... ofDigitalVer-satileDisctechnology,ispromotedbytheDVD+RWAllianceasastorageanddigitalvideorecordingfor-matthatwillbecompatible withthemajorityofex-istingDVDplayers. ItisexpectedthatDVD+RWplayers/drives will be able to read CD-ROM,CD-RW,DVD-R,DVD-RW,CD-Audioandothersimilardiscs.SeeDigitalVersatileDisc,DVDForum.digital ... higherresolutionorarealdensity,i.e.,smaller,moreprecisepitscanbeusedtostoretheinformation,dependinguponwhetherthediscisrecorded single-ordouble-layered,andsingle- or double-sided. DVDs usehigherdensitystorageanddifferent modulationanderror-correctionschemesthanCDs.Furtherflexibil-ityispossiblethroughtheuseofduallensaperturesinthelaserpickuptoprovide...

... ofmetalsandglassanddevelopednewtypesof optics. Hecoined© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary compress-send-decompressschemes,withthecom-pressionneededonlytospeedtransmissions,andthusnotdegradingthequalityoftheoriginal.Seefacsimilemode, ... Adefect,incorrectlyfunctioningsystem,mis-take,oraccident.In fiber opticcables,faultsmayin-cludecrystallizationduringfabrication,bubbles,un-desiredparticles(apartfromdeliberate fiber doping),misalignments,incorrectcouplingorbonding,exces-sivebends,anddispersionproblems.fault ... Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary surrounds,secures,andalignsthe fiber filamentandsupportsthesurroundinghousing.Tomeetthede-mandsofopticalalignmentof fiber lightguides,fer-rulesmustbeexactandshouldnotstressoroverlybendthejoint,othetwiseinterferencefromimperfectcouplingcouldadverselyaffecttheangleofthelightbeamsorallowthemtoleakatthejoints.Ferrulesarecommonlymadeofzirconia(aceramicmadefromacrystallinepowder)oralumina.Zirco-niaisfavoredforitsbendingstrength,resistancetocorrosion,hardness,andheatresistance.Itholdsupwellinthepolishingprocessandovertimeoncein-stalled.Morerecently,plasticandopaqueglass-ce-ramicferruleshavebeenimprovedtothepointwheretheyexhibitacceptablestrengthanddurabilityforcost-effectivealternativestozirconiaforcertainap-plicationsinadditiontowhichtheymaynotrequirepolishing.Commercialferrulesfor fiber filamentsmaycomewithpre-domedorpre-angledendfacestofacilitatetermination.Theymaybesemifinished...

... designedbyComputerControlCompanyandboughtoutbyHon-eywell.TheywerereleasedataboutthesametimeastheDigitalEquipmentCorporation(DEC)PDP-8minicomputers.TheSeries-16computersincludedtheDDP-116(1965),theDDP -5 16 (1966),andtheDDP-316(1969).TheDDP-316wasessentially aphysicallyreduced-sizeversionoftheDDP -5 16 .By1960sstandards,the316linewouldprobablybecon-sideredminicomputers,astheyhad16-bitregisters,withcorememoryandamemoryread/writetimeofbetween1and2 ... leavingthecompanytocofoundMosaicFabrications,Inc.,withP.Kiritsy,inthelate1950s,hewasapproachedbyJohnJohnsonaboutthepo-tentialof fiber opticfilamentsforlengthening alightpaththrough fiber optics rather thanthroughlongertubes.Hickssucceededinpulling opticalfibers,inmaking fiber- basedvacuumassembliesand,incol-laboration ... Adiffusedelectronstreamusedtore-generatechargesappliedtothesurface of a storagetube.© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary areexperimentalanda number ofsystemsfromhe-liumtojet-engine propulsion have been proposed.Thecost...

... 1bits +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ -+ I Code IIdentifierILengthI +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ - +-+ -+ IData +-+ - +-+ -+ Link ... code assignmentConfigure-RequestConfigure-ACKConfigure-NAKConfigure-RejectTerminate-RequestTerminate-ACKCode-RejectProtocol-RejectEcho-RequestEcho-ReplyDiscard-Request© 2003 by CRC ... Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary end-to-end. Lightistheninjectedintotheconduct-ingcoreofthefibersthataretobejoined.Oneorbothofthefibersareadjusted...

... Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary substance.Radialaccelerationisusedincentrifugalseparatorstoisolateparticularparticlesorsubstances.Theradialaccelerationcharacteristicsofvariousspi-ralingentitiesareofinteresttoastronomers.Inopti-calmedia,radialaccelerationisoneofthecharac-teristicsmeasuredtodetermineconformancewithex-pectedpropertiesorstandards,alongwithaxialac-celerationandradialronout.RadianceRAD.AnativefileformatforRadiance,apublicdomainUnix-compatibleradiosityrenderingengine.Thefileextension.radmaybeusedtodis-tinguishRADfiles.radiantenergyTransmittedelectromagneticenergysuchasheat,light,orradiowaves.Radiantenergyistypicallymeasuredincalories,ergs,orjoules.radio ... publicphonesystem(wirelineorwireless)wherecongestionmightoccur.Theprob-lemsofqueuingbecomemoreintricatewhenmul-tipleusersofmultiplephones(ormodems)areshar-ingnetworkresourcesoverapublicnetwork,espe-ciallyindistributednetworkswhereindividualnodesmayormaynotbeavailableatanyparticular pointintime.SeeErlang,Agner;queuingdelay.QUICCSeeQuadIntegratedCommunicationsCon-troller.© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary RlsignalingAtypeofsignalingschemecommonlyusedinchannelizedvoicenetworksinNorthAmericaandJapanthatistypicallyimplementedthroughaTlline.Itenablessupervisoryandaddresssignalstobetransmittedbetweennetworkswitchesusingasinglefrequencyforsupervisory ... accelerationAccelerationinacirculartrajec-tory, characteristic of a spinning solid or liquid789© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary computer keyboardhasdifferent symbolandfunc-tion keys,mostfollowcommonQWERTYconfigu-rations.QWERTYwasoriginally...

... oftheevolutionoftheNet,itsstructure,functioning,andphilosophies.© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary passedFCCrequirements.ThisRegistrationNum-berisnotrelatedtoquality,suitabilityforaparticu-laruse,orotherusabilityissues;itsimplyconfirmsthattheequipmentfallswithinacceptableemissionstandards.Reis, ... AcolordesignationusedbymMtoindi-cate wires usedtoestablish a hardware patchto© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary ormaybeconnectedthrougha combination ofwire-lineandwirelessservices(e.g.,fromtheterminaltoawirelessaccessconcentratortoasatellitelinktothemainoffice).Remote ... oftheories,sciences,andtechnologies.Incommunications,muchR&Dfo-cusesoncreatingmarketableproducts.R&Doftenconsumesahugeproportionofastartupbusiness'sbudget.ManylargecorporationshaveR&Dfacili-tiestoenablethemtodevelopnewproducts,includ-ingffiM,LucentTechnologies(Bell),andXerox.Inmanycases,R&Ddoesnotdirectlyresultinprod-uctsthatcanbemanufacturedanddistributed,buttheprocessofR&Dindirectlycontributesinsurprisingwaysor,sometimes,decadeslater,whenmanufac-turingprocessesorneedschangeorcatchuptothetheories.Asanexample,CharlesBabbage'shistoricanalyticalengine(apioneercomputerconcept)re-searchanddesignwasapparentlytheoreticallysound,butthetechnologytobuildhismachinesdidnotex-istduringhislifetime.Asamorerecentexample,spaceresearchhasresultedinmanyportableandwirelesscommunicationstechnologiesthatmightnothavedevelopedotherwise.811© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary housing. Telecommunications services(suchasIn-ternetaccessorcableTV)andelectricalpowerdis-tributionaretwoexamplesofRCD...

... ,t Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary programatu.s.Berkeley,inwhichprototypemulti-hopnetworksofsmall,low-power,sensordevicesarebeingbuiltutilizingtheTinyOSevent-drivenoper-atingsystem.Itwasdiscoveredthatworkstationmod-elsofsecuritywereimpracticalinalow-power,multi-sensorenvironment,includingDiffie-Hellmanalgo-rithmsanddigitalsignatures.Theresimplyisnotenoughresourcespacetoimplementtheusualmethods.RCSwaschosenasthecryptographicprimitive,butothersharedkeyalgorithmscouldbeused.There-searchershavepresentedinformationonJlTESLA(atightversionoftheTimed,Efficient,Streaming,Loss-tolerantAuthenticationProtocol)toprovideauthen-ticatedstreamingbroadcast;onSNEP(SecureNet-workEncryptionProtocol)fordataconfidentiality,two-partydataauthentication,anddatafreshness;andonanauthenticatedroutingprotocolusingSPINSbuildingblocks.Resultsoftheprojectindicatethatitisfeasibletoaddsecuritytoseverelyresource-con-strainedsensornetworksthroughsymmetriccryptog-raphy.Seebeck, ... AdaptationLayer.SeeasynchronoustransfermodeintheAppendixforin-formationaboutATMadaptationlayers.sealn.I.A part designedtotightly closeorcloseoffa part, adjoiningparts,oracontainer.Sealsaresome-timesusedtomakepartsair-orwatertight.2.Ase-curity/tamperdevicedesignedtoindicatewhethertheparts ... light-sensitive material with rectify-ingproperties that were exploitedforsound and im-age communications. [U.S. patent#235,497,J880.}self-electro-optic effect deviceSEED.Aquantumwell-basedphotonicopticaldeviceusedforphoto-nicswitching,developedintheAT&TBellLabora-toriesin1987.Thismulti-elementdevice,whenbi-asedbyanexternalvoltage,createsanexternalfieldthatshiftsthewavelengthoftheonsetofabsorptionwhich,inturn,causestheintensityoftransmittedlighttovary.OpticalsensorscanbeusedwithaSEEDsystemtodetecttheresultinglight.Thissuggeststhepossibilityofdeveloping...