Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 5 pot

... _••1()241()211018101510~1 0- 31 0- 610""9l()?~a1 0- 15'1 0- 1810"'2110~1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001,OO(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO1,OOO,00(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO1,000,000,000,000,000l'~~8BO,OOO,OOO1,OOO~OOO,OOO1,0000,OOO1,000100100.010.0010.0000010.OOOOOOOO1O.OOO()OOOOOOOI0.OOOOOOOOOOOO0010.OOOOOOOOO0000000010.00000000OOOOOOOO000010.00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO1deci- dcenti-cmilll- mmicro- mnano-npi~(rfemto-fatto- azepto- zyocto- yyotta-Yzettel-Zexa-Epeta- Ptera-Tgiga /Gmega-Mkilo-khecto-hdeca-da1066© 2003 ... ._ _.?•• - _••()_.__ e_._._IA •__ A._e_E •• _••N __e__o _.u•• 1._ 2••_ 3••• - - 4•••• - 5•••••6 - ••••7 - -e••8 - _ 9 eo A B - •••c _.D - ••E •F···G ... L._••MNop •__•Q - _ R S•••TU v··· w. _- x - .e_y_.' z - _••1()241()211018101510~1 0- 31 0- 610""9l()?~a1 0- 15'1 0- 1810"'2110~1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001,OO(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO1,OOO,00(),OOO,OOO,OOO,OOO1,000,000,000,000,000l'~~8BO,OOO,OOO1,OOO~OOO,OOO1,0000,OOO1,000100100.010.0010.0000010.OOOOOOOO1O.OOO()OOOOOOOI0.OOOOOOOOOOOO0010.OOOOOOOOO0000000010.00000000OOOOOOOO000010.00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO1deci-...

... 18 7 0 -1 885 MHz 19 5 0 -1 965 MHzMTA Broadband PCS 19 9 4 -1 995C Block30MHz 18 9 5 -1 910 MHz 19 7 5 -1 990 MHzBTA Broadband PCS 19 9 5 -1 996D Block 10 MHz 18 6 5 -1 870 MHz 19 4 5 -1 950 MHzBTA Broadband PCS 19 9 6 -1 997EBlock 10 MHz ... Broadband PCS 19 9 6 -1 997EBlock 10 MHz 18 8 5 -1 890 MHz 19 6 5 -1 970MHzBTA Broadband PCS 19 9 6 -1 997F Block 10 MHz 18 9 0 -1 895 MHz 19 7 0 -1 975 MHzBTA Broadband PCS 19 9 6 -1 997 1 © 2003 by CRC Press LLCAdvancedandEmergingCommunicationsTechnologies ... smallelectronicappliancessuchascameras,calculators,penlights,etc.Seebattery.2.AhistoricnonrechargeableFCC-Designated Communications Frequency BlocksBlock Blk. Size FrequencyPaired FrequencyNotesDateA Block30 MHz 18 5 0 -1 865 MHz 19 3 0 -1 945 MHz MTA Broadband PCS 19 9 4 -1 995B Block30 MHz 18 7 0 -1 885...

... 1mW).TheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)OpticalTechnologyDivisionandtheNISTElectronandOpticalPhysicsDivisionuseacryo-genicradiometerforabsolutepowermeasurementsinthedetectorcalibrationandspectralresponsivityfacility.InexperimentsattheSandiaNationalLabs,absolutepowerfromX-raysismeasuredwithtime-resolved resistive bolometry with Sandia fiber optic-controllednoise-reductiontechnology.7© 20 03 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary A Connector - 50PinsThe ... lightupontotheMediumSFIlglassSF5leadglassBaF13glassnonachromaticlensdopedglassborosilicate(BK7)glassfusedquartzglass-ceramicfusedsilicasyntheticfusedsilicaApprox.Number 25 .8 32. 345.057 .2 57.664.167.667.667.767.85© 20 03 by CRC Press LLCINPUT: 120 VAC60Hz15WOUTPUT:12VDC5DOmA Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary helpinmappinginternalstructuresthatcanbesensedwithsound,radar,orlighttoreveal ... Protocol.ab-Aprefixcommonlyusedwithnamesofpracticalelectricalunitsinthecentimeter-gram-second(CGS)electromagneticsystem,e.g.,abampere.ABAMAnolderWesternElectric(nowLucentTech-nologies)cabledesignationfor 22 -AWG,110-ohm,individuallyshielded,twisted...

... requirementsforinstall-ingthe fiber bundle.Seealign.alignment indicator1.A diagnostic display (orsound)usedin fiber optic sensorstoaidinassessing fiber- to -fiber or fiber- to-Iaser alignments.Seealign.2.An ... fabricatorsinaligningandassessing fiber- to -fiber and fiber- to-la-serassembliesintheproduction process.Hardwarealignment systems facilitate manualorautomaticalignmentofoptical technologies.Forveryfinead-justmentsinthenanometerrange,piezoelectriccon-trolmaybeused.Alignmentinoptical ... indicatingtheregionorneighborhood,fol-lowedbyfivenumbers.Thus,thenumber 52 5- 1 234would have been called Larch 51 234, Ladysmith 51 234,LA 51 234orsomethingtothateffect.Thiswasamorepoeticandeasy-to-remembersystemthanthecurrentallnumbersystem.Allnumbercallingwasinstitutedtoprovidemorenumbersashumanpopu-lationsandthedemandforphonelinesincreased.Inmostareas,allnumbercallingwasinplacebythe1960s.Sincenumbersaredifficultformanypeopletoremember,...

... interfacecards(NICs)as part ofthe1OOBASE-TXandotherstan-dards(itisoptionalinthe 100 BASE-SXstandard).Auto-negotiationpulsesaretransmittedinpairs,withaclockpulseandadatapulseandrepeatedatinter-vals.Since fiber standardsdidnotoriginallyincludeauto-negotationinthesense ... interfacecards(NICs)as part ofthe1OOBASE-TXandotherstan-dards(itisoptionalinthe 100 BASE-SXstandard).Auto-negotiationpulsesaretransmittedinpairs,withaclockpulseandadatapulseandrepeatedatinter-vals.Since fiber standardsdidnotoriginallyincludeauto-negotationinthesense ofthe1OOBASE-TXstandard,anemulationsystemfora link pulsewasdevisedfor fiber- basedtransmissions,withadjust-mentsforthedifferenttimingneedsof fiber lossver-sustwistedpair.Seehandshake.autoanswerSeeautoanswer.autobaudThecapabilityofamodemtodetecttheincomingbaudrateandadjustitstransmissionspeedandhandshakingtomatchtherateinordertoestab-lishaconnection.Usefulin24-houraday,unattended84serviceslikeBBSsandonsystemsthatmaybeserv-inga ... authentication,andspecifiestheauthenticationprotocoltobeusedinthelinkestab-lishmentphase.SeeChallenge-HandshakeAuthen-ticationProtocol.IIII~ .~."#19~'• , tllII.t~FI&I-alN.HECTIONBamMaTWOWALUUor .u.aC'L-~T 1:}"...

... (ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B. 3-2 000)Specifiesthecomponentandtransmissionrequirementsforanoptical fiber cablingsystem(e.g.,cable,connectors).TIAlEIA-568-B. 2-2 1Dec01TR-42Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard - Part 2.·BalancedTwisted-Pair Cabling Components - Addendum2 (ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B. 2-2 -2 001)Providescorrectionstothe568-B.2Standard.TIA/EIA-568-B.l-l ... (ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B. 2-2 -2 001)Providescorrectionstothe568-B.2Standard.TIA/EIA-568-B.l-l 1Aug01TR-42Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard - Part 1:GeneralRequirements - Addendum 1 - Minimum 4-Pair UTPand4-Pair ScTP ... ELF3 0-3 00 Hz10Mm-lMm3ultra low ULF30 0-3 000 HzIMm-30 km4very low VLF1 0-3 0 kHz 30km-l0km5low LF3 0-3 00 kHz10km-lkmFacom distance measure-ment and navigation6 mediumMF300 kHz-3...

... ringBLSR.Afault-tol-eranttopologyforSONETthatovercomessomeoftheproblemsassociatedwithbreaksinbasicpoint-to-pointringtopologies.Inmostringtopologiesasecondaryringisinplace,incaseofafailureintheprimaryring.Inlocalareanetworks,thisisa practi-calsolution,butonlong-haulphonenetworks,for117© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary example,itinvolvesthecostly installation ofa sec-ondarycablethatisrarelyused.InBLSR,ifa ... adescriptionofthebendtoleranceofacertainmaterialatacertainradius,oftenunderacertainpullingforce.Thismeasureisimportantformanufacturing,forse-lectingtypesandsizesofparts,andforinstallingpul-leys,cables,andwires.Seebendloss.bend-insensitive fiber Fiberopticcablethatispar-ticularly resistanttolosseswhenthe fiber isbent.Bend-insensitivefiberswerefirst ... "NipperandtheGramophone"trademarkregisteredMay1900byBerliner.RCAadoptedthepopularsymbol,whichisstillrecognizedmorethan100yearslater.BerlineralsofoundedtheEstherBerlinerfellowshiptosupportwomenpursu-ingscientificresearch.SeeGramophone.Berners-Lee, Tim (195 5- )ABritishphysicistandprogrammer,Berners-Leegainedaspotinthehis-torybookswithhisWebprojectproposalintroducedinMarch1989,andhisdemonstrationofWorldWideWebsoftwareinthewinterof1989.Therapidaccep-tanceandgrowthoftheWebisatributetotheviabil-ityofthisconcept.Priortothat,Berners-Leedevel-opedEnquire,whileatCERNin1980,a...

... CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary withraster-based displaysisdesiredis768(comparedto 640 for RS-170a). CCIR videoistraditionallytransmittedover75-ohmwell-shieldedcoaxialcables.CCIRN ... LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary plate,usuallypassing through acontrollinggrid.Theelectron beam-emitting endofa cathode-raytube(CRT).Seecathode-raytube,phototube, photomul-tipliertube.Cathode-Ray ... ofdangersfromeyeandobjectdamagetodiffusionhaz-ards,burns,andgeneralfirehazards.169© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalothatprovidesanumberofinteresting...

... LLCservices.Incontrast,phonecallsandmodemdatatransfersareconnection-orientedend-to-endcommu-nications.Contrastwithconnection-oriented.ConnectionlessBroadband DataServiceCBDS.InATMnetworking,a high-speed packet-basedcon-nectionlessservicesimilartoSMDS(Bellcore)thatisdefinedbytheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStan-dardsInstitute(ETSI).CBDSisappropriatefornet-worksrequiringhigh-volume,high-speedtransmis-sionratesandthusisfavoredforhigh-endgraphicsandpublishing,videoconferencingandstreaming,andscientificresearchapplications.CBDSisfavoredoverprivatelinesorpermanentvirtual ... video connector6.SCSI-2 50-pin computer data connector7.25-pin D-shaped computer data connector8.50-pin flat SCSI data connectorConrad, Frank (187 4-1 941) AnAmericanbroad-casterwhobeganascallsign8XKinhisPennsylva-niagarage,whichwaslater ... ConnectorsAvarietyofcommon,standardizedcomputer,phone,and video connectors.1. 9- to IS-pin D-shaped computer data adapter2.25-pin D-shaped null modem data adapter3.RJ-IIphone line splitter/joiner4.and5.stereo sound...

... compositemaysubsequentlybestampedorcleavedintosmallercomponents.Dependingupontheirconstructionandthefrequen-cieswithwhichtheywillbeinteracting,theycan251© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary whenexposedtoelectromagneticwavessuchasra-diowavesorlight.Thedetectormayalsoconvertorrectifytheelectromagneticoscillationssotheycanbeincorporatedintoacircuitwithpracticalapplica-tions.Acrystaldetectorworksasatypeofone-wayvalvetorectifyradiowaves,withoutoutsidepowersources.Later,vacuumtubesweredesigned ... prede-terminedlengthtobesentalongthelinetoindicatethedesireddestinationaddress.Thisprocessallowsthesystemtosetupanend-to-endconnectionforaconversationordatacommunication.Thedialwasalsohistoricallyknownasafingerwheel.Thedialsupersededthehookonoldtelephonesandeffectivelyobsoletedhumanoperatorsforlocalcallswithinafewyears.Dialswerecommonlyuseduntilthe1970s,whentouchtonephonesbegantobecomeprevalentinNorthAmerica(manyothercountriesstillusedialphones).SeeStrowgerswitch.DialAccessSwitchingDAS.ACiscocommercialnetworkswitchingsystemthatprovidesdialservices(anddialbackupservices)forFrameRelayperma-nentvirtualcircuits(PVCs)inCiscowideareanet-works(WANs).ThePVCsareactivatedbyISDNcallstotheswitchingnetwork.DASiscomprisedoftheDASServerShelfhardwareandDial-UpFrameRelaysoftware.dialtoneAnaudiblesignalthatindicatesthataphonelineisactiveandreadytobedialed.Thedialmaybeprovidedbythelocalphonecarrierorbyaprivatebranchsystem.Adifferenttypeofdialtone,calleda© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary dead spot Aphraseoftenusedinbroadcastcommu-nications(radio,TV,cellular)todescribearegioninwhichtherearenosignals,duetoterrainorotherobstructions.Cellularcustomersinparticulararesus-ceptibletodeadspots,becausetheymaybeconstantlymovingbetweenbuildings,boulders,mountains,etc.deadlockIncompetitionforresourcessuchasprint-ersonanetwork,arouteontheInternet,orspacefora ... thatcouldaccomplishthistaskinwaysthatallowedgreatselectivityoverthefrequenciesdetected(tunercir-cuits)andthatcouldamplifythesignalsothebroad-castcouldbeplayedthroughaspeakerratherthanthroughsmallheadphones. Fiber optics arenowincorporatedintomanydetec-tors.Theyareusefulasdetectingandimagingprobesandaslightguidestodrawalightsignalfromone part ofthesystemtoanother.Seecrystaldetector,Delaneylampdetector,electrolyticdetector,electrontube,Lodge-Muirheaddetector,magneticdetector,MassieOscillaphone,opticaldetector,photodetector,Shoe-makerdetector,silicondetector.Deutsch,...

... opticalInopticalcommunications,anITU-specifiedtransmissionbandinthe1280 - 1625-nmrange.TheE-bandspectrumhasonlyrecentlybecomecom-merciallyviable,as fiber technologyevolves.Ven-dorshavebegunreleasingsystemsforincorporatingE-bandcapabilitiesintocoarsewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing(CWDM) fiber opticsystemscarryingotherwavelengths,thusincreasingcapacity.Suppli-ersoftestingequipmentforopticalnetworksbeganreleasingtestequipmentforportionsoftheE-bandspectruminearly2001.Nonzero-dispersion-shiftedfiberstendtobeusedinthesesystems,a fiber typealsosuitableforC-bandandL-bandapplications.SeeC-band,L-band.E-carrier, European-carrierTheEuropeanITU-T-specifiedanalogtotheT1high-speedcommunica-tionssystemusedinNorthAmerica.Theyarethesameinmanygeneralaspects,buttheydifferastotheoverallhierarchyanddetails,suchasspeedoftransmissions,numberofchannels,andthelackofbit-robbing.Sincebit-robbingisnotusedforsignal-ingpurposes,afull64Kbpsispossible(asopposedtothe56Kbpsinbit-robbedsystemswithsimilarcharacteristics).TheanalogtothesuperframeonT-carriersystemsisthemultiframe(16frames)onE-carriersystems.E1transmitsat2.048Mbps(comparedtoTl1.544Mbps)usingtimedivisionmultiplexing(TDM)andpulsecodemodulation(PCM)simultaneouslyonupto3064-Kbpsdigitalchannels.Twoadditionalchan-nelsareusedforsignalingandframing.SeeJ-car-rier,T-carrier.e-commerce, ... opticalInopticalcommunications,anITU-specifiedtransmissionbandinthe1280 - 1625-nmrange.TheE-bandspectrumhasonlyrecentlybecomecom-merciallyviable,as fiber technologyevolves.Ven-dorshavebegunreleasingsystemsforincorporatingE-bandcapabilitiesintocoarsewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing(CWDM) fiber opticsystemscarryingotherwavelengths,thusincreasingcapacity.Suppli-ersoftestingequipmentforopticalnetworksbeganreleasingtestequipmentforportionsoftheE-bandspectruminearly2001.Nonzero-dispersion-shiftedfiberstendtobeusedinthesesystems,a fiber typealsosuitableforC-bandandL-bandapplications.SeeC-band,L-band.E-carrier, ... BroadcastingArea.4.SeeeventualByzantineagreement.EBCDIC(pron.eb-si-dik)ExtendedBinary-CodedDecimalInterchangeCode.Afamilyof8-bit(25 6- character)encodingsadaptedbyInternationalBusi-nessMachines(ffiM)frompunchcardcodes,inpref-erencetoASCIIwhichismorewidelyusedbytherest...

... OperationalMeteorological Satel-liteGOMS.AlsoknownasElektro,theGOMSsys-temisatbree-axis-stabilizedimagingsatellitethatis part oftheRussianFederationPlaneta-CMeteoro-logicalSpaceSystem.Thefirstoftheseriesofsatel-liteswaslaunchedinOctober1994,witheachplat-formexpectedtolastatleastthreeyears.GOMSor-bitsovertheEarth'sequatoratlongitude76°50'E.GOMSsensesinfraredimagesoftheEarth'ssurfaceandcloudcover,providescontinuouscoverageofatmosphericpatterns,detectspotentiallyhazardousphenomena,measuresseasurfacetemperattrres,andmonitorsspace-borneenergyparticles.Aboardthesatellite, ... checking.Surgesuppressors,powerconditioners,robustandappropriate(forthe© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary SomerelatedFCCradiotelephone authorizationsin-cludetheFirst,Second,andThirdClassRadiotele-graphOperator Certificates.Theserequireexams,insomecasesMorseCodecompetency,andarevalidforfive-yearterms(renewable). ... multipleswitchesandpartitioningissupportedforthecontrolofasingleswitchbymultiplecontrollers.Thecapabilitytoqueryandreportswitch-relatedcon-figurationandstatistical statusisparticularlyvalu-ableforremoteswitchoperationsand,astheproto-colevolves,isdesiredforopticalnetwork configu-rationsaswell.Initially,GSMPwasdevelopedtoworkwithstaticswitchpartitions;however,dynamicforwardingtomultipleadministrativedomainsmightbefeasibleforfutureversions...

... introducedin1976asMIL-STD-18 8-1 20,thisarchivehasevolvedthroughsev-eralrevisionstobecometheTelecomGlossary2000.Itisprovidedthroughtheu.s.NationalCommuni-cationsSysteminprint,CD-ROM,andWebformats,withincreasingemphasisonelectronicdevelopmentanddissemination.TheGlossaryismandatedforusebyallfederaldepartmentsandagenciesfortheprepa-rationoftelecommunicationsdocumentationandisavailablefromtheNationalTechnicalInformationService.DefinitionsfromthepreviousstandardwererevisedandupdatedbytheFTSCSubcommitteetoReviseFED-STD-J037B.Thesubsequent ... infrastruc-turefortheoverallplan.ThesystemisbaseduponacombinationofEarth-basedandsatellite-basedradioservices,emphasizingship-to-shoremarinesignalingthroughrelatively user-friendly consoles.GMDSSsignalingisquickly supersedingthedecades-oldMorsecode-basedsystem.Inadditiontotheautoma-tionof ... touroftheWhiteHouseandfindinforma-tiononcontacting governmentagencies.GillisthefounderofPenfieldGill,Inc.,amediacommunica-tionsandplanningcompany.© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Gladstone-Dale...

... LLCTheindexofrefractionisoneofthemostimportantconceptsin optics. Thecapabilityofrefractinglightinaparticulardirectionbyselectingamaterialwithcertainrefractivepropertiesandshapingittoexploitthosepropertiesisintegraltothefabricationandim-plementationof fiber optics devicesandallinstru-mentsthatuselenses.Thecladdingina fiber opticcablehasaslightlyhigherrefractiveindexthanthelight-conductingcore,whichaccountsforitsabilitytorefractlightbackintothecorewithincertainanglestoachievetotalinternalreflectance(TIR).Traditionallensesintelescopes,microscopes,andlaserassem-bliesexploittherefractivepropertiesofopticalcom-ponentstoconcentrateordiffuselight.Forpracticalpurposes,whendesigningcomponents,theindexofrefractionisrelatedtotheangleatwhichlightdiffractsthroughamediumrelativetothe"nor-mal"(perpendicular)tothesurfaceatwhichthein-cidentradiationencountersthematerial.Inaflat,pla-narsurfacesuchascalmwaterorwindowglass,thisisafairlystraightforwardcalculation.Formorecom-plexsurfaces(e.g.,roughwater,curvedlenses),thetangentofaspecifiedregionaroundthepointofcon-tactoftheincidentlightfacilitatesthegeometriccal-culationsfordeterminingsuifacenormal.Seediffrac-tion,diffusion,Icelandspar,Snell'slaw,Ulexite.indicatorlightAlightsignalingatransmission,faultcondition,readiness,orotherstatethatrequiresat-tention.Indicatorlightsarecommononappliances,modems,surgesuppressors,harddrives,etc.indirectaddressingAcommonmethodincomputerprogrammingforcreatingacrossreferencetoaddi-tionalrelateddata.Sincemuchofcomputerdatastor-agecannotbedeterminedinadvance,indirectad-dressingmakesitpossibletousesmallsegmentsofmemory,ornoncontiguousmemory,harddrivespace,etc.bycreatingpointers,directories,andotherlinkstothemainbodyofinformation.indirectlightLightthatisnotself-emitted,butratherisreflectedfromanothersource.Forexample,theMoondoesnotgeneratelightonitsown,butreflectslightfromtheSun.indiumgalliumarsenidenitrideInGaAsN.Asemi-conductoralloydevelopedintheearly1990sinJa-panthatcanbeproducedthrougha ... fileInsoftwareapplications,toimportistobringindatafromanotherprogram,file,ortransmis-sionssource,usuallyinanon-nativefileformat.Thisisusuallydonethroughanapplications filterorthroughdrag-and-dropcapabilities.Indrag-and-dropimports,theprogramwilleithermaintainlinkstotheoriginalimportedfileorconverttheformattooneconsistentwiththeprogramintowhichitisimported.import ... straightforward light-refracting properties.Crystallineorcrystal-like materials such as IcelandsparandUlexite refract light in unusual ways.© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary signalssuchasthosefromdistant...

... LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary HebecameoneoftheleadworkersonthehistoricEchosatelliteproject.Kompfuerhasreceivedmanyengineeringawards,includingtheDuddellMedalandtheStuartBalantineMedaloftheFranklinInstitute.In1973,hereceivedtheIEEEMedalofHonorforhiscontributionstoglo-balcommunicationstechnologiesforhisdevelop-mentofthetraveling-wavetube.SeeKlystron,trav-eling-wavetube.KonenModem Koupler Abattery-poweredcom-mercialmodem/modemadaptercombinationfromUnlimitedSystems.Konexxenablesamodemtobehookedintovarioustypesofphonelinesandcellu-larphonesystemswhiletraveling.Kotel'nikov, ... of aC+L-bandopticalnetworkforNTTCommunications(Japan).Thisincreasedcapacitybyopeningupthepreviously565© 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary ITU-TLSeriesReeommendationsRecommendation/DescriptionL.lConstruction, ... awareApplications,systems,anddevicesthatcanrecognizeandappropriatelyrespondtoaninter-facedconnectiontoalocalareanetwork(LAN).Thisusuallyinvolvescommunicatingwithotherdevicesonthenetassecuritypermits,lockingandunlock-ingfilesasneeded,queryingappropriately,etc.SomeoperatingsystemsaredesignedtobeLANaware,othersrunwiththird-partysoftware.LAN Channel StationLCS.1.Inframe-basednet-working,achannelprotocolforLAN/mainframein-tercommunications.InffiMmainframe-relatedLCS,host applications...