Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 20 pot
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 5 potx
... (virtual circuits) and is capable of providing a variety of
quality-of-service guarantees. Packets in ATM are called
cells
and are of fixed
length (53 bytes). ATM is being used by many carriers ... layer. A virtual circuit
(VC) represents an end-to-end connection with a certain set of quality-of-service
parameters associated with it, such as bandwidth and error rate. Data transmit...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 8 potx
... optical packet-switched networks and local-area
optical networks continues today. Meanwhile, wavelength-routing networks became
a major focus area for several researchers in the early 1990s as ... has focused on (1) transmitting
terabits-per-second aggregate traffic across transoceanic distances with individual
channel data rates at 10 or 20 Gb/s [Cai01, Bak01, VPM01], or 40 Gb/s chan...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 15 potx
... multiple optical
signals are generated by repeated traversals of a single cavity; such devices are called
etalons.
An electromagnetic wave (light) of angular frequency co propagating, say, in ... and Filters
11~
Figure 3.5 A polarization-independent isolator. The isolator is constructed along the
same lines as a polarization-dependent isolator but uses spatial walk-off polarizer...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 17 potx
... situation. Also the passband
of narrow band MZIs is not flat. In contrast, the dielectric multicavity thin-film filters
can have flat passbands and good stop bands.
MZIs are useful as two-input, ... cavities leads to a flatter passband and a
sharper transition from the passband to the stop band.
3.3 Multiplexers and Filters
137
a result, the crosstalk performance is far from the i...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 20 pot
...
10 0-2 00 mW of power, and pump lasers for Raman amplifiers may go up to a few
watts.
3.5.1
Lasers
A laser is essentially an optical amplifier enclosed within a reflective cavity that
causes ...
2. The laser needs to have a narrow
spectral width
at a specified operating wave-
length so that the signal can pass through intermediate filters and multiple chan-
nels can be...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 29 potx
... of the APD by 7~APD, and the
average avalanche multiplication gain by
Gm,
the average photocurrent is given by
[ - 7~APDP
Gm~P,
and the shot noise current at the APD output has variance
2 ... Such a diagram is called an
eye diagram
because of its resemblance to the shape of the human eye. An eye diagram can be
easily generated experimentally using an oscilloscope to display th...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 39 pot
... ps/nm-km 2. Consider the same three cases as in Figure 5.30: (a) 8
channels spaced 100 GHz apart, (b) 32 channels spaced 100 GHz apart, and (c) 32
channels spaced 50 GHz apart.
Why do second-order ... Fig-
ure 5.36. The center wavelength )~" for each channel in a mux/demux has an ac-
curacy of +A~ . nm around the nominal center wavelength )~c. Assume a Gaussian
passband shape f...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 41 potx
... and add OC-12 or OC-3 streams from/to an OC-48 stream. Similarly, an
OC-3 ADM can drop/add DS3 streams from/to an OC-3 stream. ADMs are now
widely used in the SONET infrastructure. ADMs can ... first
STS-1 in a frame) are used to carry a line data communication channel for
maintenance purposes such as alarms, monitoring, and control.
Path Overhead
STS Path trace
(J1). Just as in th...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 47 potx
...
Consider a ring network with two intermediate adjacent nodes A and B, each with
an OADM.
(a) Consider the case where the OADM at node A adds wavelength )~1 and the
OADM at node B drops the adjacent ... Schesser. Africa ONE: The Africa optical network.
IEEE
Communications Magazine,
34(2):5 0-5 7, Feb. 1996.
[OWS96] S. Okamoto, A. Watanabe, and K I. Sato. Optical path cros...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 50 pot
... in the same
way that a telephone network treats phone calls. Requests are assumed to arrive
and depart at random instants according to a statistical model. (However, the
network is assumed ... place for an average of one year. The link capacities shown are calculated
such that no link will need a capacity upgrade within two years, with high (85%) probability.
8.4.1
First-Passage ....
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 60 potx
... limitations:
9 Not all failures can be handled by the optical layer. If a laser in an attached
client terminal fails, the optical layer cannot do anything about it. Thus, client
equipment failures need ...
the optical multiplex section layer. Table 10.4 summarizes schemes operating in the
optical channel layer. These schemes have not yet been standardized, and there are
many v...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 66 pot
... produce a single data stream. The
interleaving can be done on a bit-by-bit basis as shown in Figure 12.3 (a) . Assuming
the data is sent in the form of packets, it can also be done on a packet-by-packet ... bit-interleaved and the packet-interleaved case,
framing pulses
can
be used. In the packet-interleaved case, framing pulses mark the boundary between
packets. In the bit-interl...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 74 pot
... problems have already been tackled at least partially
in the context of ultra-long-haul systems.
While an all -optical network provides significant advantages, it also has its limi-
tations. Certain ... preserved, and additional (SONET) hard-
ware is only added at nodes that need additional capacity, requiring a potentially
smaller up-front capital expense.
Note that a similar upgr...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 75 potx
...
Optical- to-electrical-to -optical
Optical Fiber Communications Conference
Optical Internetworking Forum
Optical line terminal
Optical multiplex section
Optical network unit
On-off keying
Optical ...
Acronyms
Acronym
Expansion
1R
2R
3R
AAL
ACTS
ADM
AGC
AIS
ANSI
AOTF
APD
APS
AR
ASE
ATM
ATMOS
AWG
BCH
BDI
BER
BLSR
Regeneration without reshaping or retiming...
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 78 potx
... equivalent to a quarter or a half wavelength at )~0. (A quarter-wavelength
slab of the dielectric with refractive index nL would have a thickness ~.0/4nL.) Since
these thicknesses at optical wavelengths ... filter. A particularly useful filter structure
consists of a few cavities separated by several quarter-wavelength films. If H and L
denote quarter-wavelength films (at ~.0...
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