Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 86 pdf

... signal formats, 24 0-2 42 DC balance and, 241 non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 24 0-2 42 return-to-zero (RZ), 24 0-2 42 See also on-off keying (OOK) modulation signaling interface, 503 signal-spontaneous ... user-to-network interface (UNI), 382, 385, 523 valence band, 161 variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213 Vernier effect, 231 vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking Series Editor, David Clark, MIT Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 2e Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan Telecommunications Law in the ... Technology and Applications Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter High-Performance Communication Networks, 2e Jean Walrand and Pravin Varaiya Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 2e Larry...

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... may accept data at any bit rate and any protocol format within these limits. It may also be able to carry analog data. Transparency in the network provides several advantages. An operator can ... islands of all -optical subnetworks with optical- to-electrical-to -optical conversion at their boundaries for the purposes of adaptation, regeneration, or wavelength conversion. 1 .6 Optic...

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... generation of systems. A major advantage of EDFAs is that they are capable of amplifying signals at many wavelengths simultaneously. This provided another way of increasing the system capacity: ... of amplification (such as Raman amplification, a topic that we will cover in Chapter 3) that complement EDFAs and hold the promise to open up other fiber bands such as the S-band and the U...

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... energy from a lower-wavelength signal to a higher-wavelength signal is a fundamental effect that is also the basis of optical amplification and lasers. The energy of a photon at a wavelength ... generated as a result of nonlinear dielectric polarization at 3co0 has a propagation constant 3fi0, where/30 = fl(oo0) is the propagation constant at the angular frequency coo. In...

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... Laser Periodic pulses AAAAA 1 I (a) Modulator] I Electrical NRZ data 0 0 1 1 I I Modulated pulses 1 0 0 1 1 A AA CW signal Periodic pulses AAAAA I stage 1 I Two-stage modulator ... device, a polarization maintaining fiber is used between the laser and the modulator. The EA modulator is an attractive alternative to lithium niobate modulators because it can be fabricate...

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... where a fraction 1 - x of the Ga atoms in GaAs are replaced by In atoms. In l-xGaxAsyPl_y is a quaternary compound semiconductor material where, in addition, a fraction 1 - y of the As atoms are ... multiplicative gain of an APD can be made quite large and even infinite a condition called avalanche breakdown. However, a large value of Gm is also accompanied by a l...

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... wavelengths that they can handle at their inputs and outputs. A fixed-input, fixed-output device always takes in a fixed-input wavelength and converts it to a fixed-output wavelength. A variable-input, ... (regeneration with reshaping and retiming). 3.8.2 Optical Gating Optical gating makes use of an optical device whose characteristics change with the intensity of an input...

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... that can provide total chromatic dispersion of between -3 40 and -1 360 ps/nm are commercially available. An 80 km length of standard single-mode fiber has an accumulated or total chromatic dispersion, ... want a grating that introduces a large amount of chromatic dispersion over a wide bandwidth so that it can compensate for the fiber chromatic dispersion over a large length...

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... signal-to-noise ratio at the end of the path will also fluctuate with time, and careful attention needs to be paid to maintain the total PDL on the path to within acceptable limits. An example ... effect by a factor of 2. To calculate the effect of SRS in a multichannel system, following [Chr84], we approximate the Raman gain shape as a triangle, where the Raman gain coefficient as...

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... Thus, in all but one cell, the AAL-5 payload is equal to the 48-byte ATM payload, and AAL-5 has lower overhead compared to AAL-1. Also note that AAL-5 provides error detection for its payload through ... layer. Functions of ATM ATM data can either be transmitted from an ATM user to an ATM network across a user-to-network interface (UNI) or the data can be transmitted across a networ...

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... OCh-TS-FDIs and sends them downstream. The OCh-TS-FDIs are trans- mitted as part of the OCh-TS overhead. At the end of the all -optical subnet, at OLT E, the wavelengths are demultiplexed and ... however, that this wavelength falls in the S-band and may also overlap with Raman pumps for the L-band. 510 CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT Figure 9.4 Forward and backward defect indicator signals and...

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... Each protection scheme can be associated with a specific layer in the network. As we saw in Chapter 6, the SONET layer includes a path layer and a line layer. Both path layer and line layer ... likely to change in the future with the advent of data services, as we shall see in Section 10.4. Best-effort data services, in particular, can use this capability. Another advantage is...

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... Stage k- 1 Figure 12.13 A tunable delay line capable of realizing any delay from 0 to T - T/2 k-1 in steps of T/2 k-1. 12.2.1 Tunable Delays A tunable optical delay line capable of realizing ... The packet header could also be transmitted on a wavelength that is different from the packet data. It could also be transmitted on a separate subcarrier channel on the same wave...

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... fiber standards, 721 grid, 30, 31,439 layers within optical layer, 504 management standards, 72 2-7 23 optical networking standards, 722 SDH standards, 72 1-7 22 standards, 72 1-7 23 wavelength ... digital wrapper overhead, 51 8-5 19 advantages/disadvantages, 519 uses, 519 See also optical layer overhead Dijkstra shortest-path-first algorithm, 391,581 dimensioning m...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20