The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 79 ppt

... 529. l.p.g. *philosophy, history of centres and departments of. J. Dillon, The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy 34 7–274 BC (Oxford, 20 03) . —— The Middle Platonists 80 BC to AD 220 (Ithaca, ... motion, due to Zeno of Elea. In a race, Achilles can never catch the tortoise, if the tortoise is given a head start. For while Achilles closes the initial gap between th...

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... is dependent. The truth of the house lies in its conformity to the plan, and the truth of the passer-by’s idea of the house lies in its conformity to the house. In each case there is truth where there ... of other figures of the syllogism to the first uses the negated conclusion with one of the original premisses to yield a valid first-figure syllogism whose conclusi...

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... them. For example, our access to the physical world seems to be only via our own sense-data, to the minds of others via their behaviour, and to the past via our memories. There are four types of possible ... for instance, that the wrongness of *killing rests, in part, on the fact that to deprive someone of their life is normally to violate their autonomy. This account c...

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... are in the hands of the state. As part of his ignorance thesis, the conservative must support autonomous institutions and the freedom of indi- viduals to make their own way through life and to form and ... *concepts required to specify how they represent the world (to spec- ify their content). This basic idea has been used to try to do justice to the differences bet...

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... which tends to make one motivated to produce the end.) According to the less widely held hedonic theory of desire, to desire some end is to tend toward feeling pleasure if one comes to believe ... inde- pendently from the right, and the right is then defined as that which maximizes the good. Deontological theories either do not specify the good independently from the...

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... arranged as to enable him to fulfil this role. In such a society the rulers will possess the wisdom to guide the rest in the light of the good and the true. In the good city there will be all the usual ... of Socrates than to the Plato of the Republic. During the Christian era, Platonic themes resurface, notably in the writings of St Augustine. Human nature need...

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... agreeable to the person himself or to others’; and he invokes sympathy, probably the central notion of his whole moral theory, to explain their operation. Qualities that are useful or agreeable to others will ... were the first agents of a de facto *pluralism. The condemnation of the revisionists, and their joining forces with other dissidents, quickened the pace of the d...

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... controversial cases they give answers to the questions of law in dispute which they claim to be, at least in their opinion, the right ones. Either the judges are lying to the public, or they are themselves ... left or right, the spatial relations of the hands to each other or to other things is irrelevant. The difference between the hands must then consist, Kant argu...

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... to the idealist H. H. Joachim’s The Nature of Truth (1906) or to the pragmatist William James’s The Meaning of Truth (1909) as they do to the founding works of analytical philosophy. s.w.b. There ... using them. But the story is entirely schematic, rem- iniscent of the Stoic doctrine of lekta, and Frege tells us nothing of the nature of this grasp, nor how to answer...

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... observe is first the occurrence of the cause, followed by the occur- rence of the effect. There is nothing to bind them together, apart from the fact that they are constantly conjoined, in the sense ... each has the perceptions we would expect it to have, were there extended material objects that are perceived. The first is the thesis of univer- sal expression; the secon...

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... (1 957) ; repr. in Logico-linguistic Papers (London, 1971). logicism. The slogan of the programme is ‘Mathematics is logic’. The goal is to provide solutions to problems in the philosophy of *mathematics, ... is rich enough to do complete justice to mathematics. It is often said that the logicists accomplished (only) a reduction of some branches of mathematics to set the...

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... relying in the main on considerations (which owe much to Aristotle) concerning the supposed nature of the world which point to the need to assume the existence of a deity. Aquinas also took, with modifications, ... in the sense defined above; he will probably be an atomist; and he will tend to go for the position that is thought most flattering to the status of the in...

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... he redesigned the liberal edifice built on these foundations to the romantic patterns of the nineteenth century. For these he was himself one of the great spokesmen. He learned much of the historical ... fundamental to scientific inquiry was the hypothetical method, in which one argues to the truth of a hypothesis from the fact that it would explain observed phenomena. Mil...

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... than, or prior to, the inten- tionality of language, or is it rather the reverse? Perhaps, neither is prior to the other, both being interdependent. Moreover, we seem to be able to have thoughts ... of modes is that they depend for their identity upon the identity of the particular sub- stances which possess them. Thus, that a thought is the particular thought it is is part...

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... Locke’s political philosophy and with *capitalism, assigns to owners the rights to use what they own in any way they choose so long as they respect the moral or natural rights of others. In private property ... Some philosophers (e.g. Stout) argue that there exists a particu- lar redness of the tomato. This redness is an individual property, or ‘abstract particular’. Other objects...

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