The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 73 doc

... justified. Chisholm’s commitment to the second of these pre- suppositions caused him to devote a great deal of time to the ‘Gettier problem’. His commitment to the third led him to reject externalist accounts ... passions, and as these are the only ties of our thoughts, they are really to us the cement of the universe, and all the operations of the mind must, in a g...

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... and the gods that gave their names to the seven days of the week. The ‘gazing Country-man’ who only observes the ‘outward appearances’ of the clock has a very different idea of the clock from the ... threat to be cred- ible, either both parties must know that the person mak- ing the threat can make good on it, or the one making the threat must successfully deceive...

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... philosophical topics: the Britannica (from 1768 to the present), Brockhaus (1796 to the present), Larousse (1866 to the present). The first works explicitly claiming to be encyclopaedias of philosophy ... (‘All things belong to the gods; the gods are friends to the wise; friends hold in com- mon what belongs to them; so all things belong to the Diogenes the...

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... sense-data of the kind required by the theory can exist. They are usually supposed to be things that are exactly as they appear. Since their being just consists in their appearing to some mind they can ... this way, as the teleological moralists would assert. All the more dangerous is the use of the maxim The end justifies the means’ to suggest that because some particular...

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... veil over the world rather than reveal- ing it to us. Another sceptical difficulty here derives from the *argument from illusion. At the other extreme is the epistemology of reason. The activities ... to me just now. If this last were true, we are thrown back to two questions. The first is whether, and how, the belief about how things seem to me just now is justified. The...

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... accepted the benefits that the other party conceived of your accepting the bene- fits as the first stage of an exchange, then you are not required to pay up, since you didn’t actually agree to the exchange. ... chiefly with the name of Karl Marx, who gave the name ‘rate of exploitation’ to the ratio of the labour time in which the worker produces the capitalist’s surpl...

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... encapsulates the former view; the slogan *credo ut intelligam epitomizes the latter. There being no reason to prefer one absurdity to another, the commitments of extreme fideists are bound to seem ... requires the existence of others, we have a duty not to kill others or otherwise impair their capacity for moral activity. The Science of Rights applies ethical principles...

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... interpreted. Thinkers turn to the great philoso- phers of the past—in particular Plato and Aristotle—for inspiration. A halt is called to the conflict between Platon- ists and Aristotelians that had prevailed ... from the Christian creed. Parallel with this, he endeavours to assimilate the scientific findings of his time and to synthesize them into a unified theory of the co...

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... a.m aci. *Buddhist philosophy; moral philosophy, history of. history, history of the philosophy of. Philosophy of his- tory is generally understood as covering two distinct types of inquiry. The first of these—commonly ... begins. The outcome of the conflict is the transformation of the relations of production to bring them into line with the productive powers so as to...

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... and mathematician who made major contribu- tions to celestial mechanics and *probability theory. In cosmology he was one of the two independent originators of the nebular hypothesis (the other ... us to invest words and sentences with a certain meaning, whilst the second investigates the relationships between words and the things to which they refer, or the facts that they...

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... premisses, another is common to the conclu- sion and one of the premisses, and the third is common to the conclusion and the other premiss. We will use b to sig- nify the middle term, a and c to signify ... pro- posed, and by further translations, other logicians began to grasp the details of Aristotle’s texts. The result, coming to fruition in the middle of the...

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... lifeless mechanism. They do not experience the products of their labour as their expression, or indeed as theirs in any sense. For these products belong to a non-worker, the capitalist, to whom they must sell their ... advocates, due in part to its theoretical elegance and in part to the enormous empirical success of markets. The chief problem for the unlimited advocacy...

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... Therefore, the objects before the mind must be different in these two cases. Meinong has to introduce the existential determination in order to distinguish the one intentional object from the other. In ... relation of asso- ciation which binds the various instances together into a complex. And thirdly, there is the part whole relation between an instance and the complex...

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... Plainly, the detour through A & B was redundant; the two lines on which stood, first, A & B and then A can be excised, together with the entire part of the derivation leading to the premiss ... (Harmondsworth, 1977). D. M. McNaughton, Moral Vision: An Introduction to Ethics (Oxford, 1988). T. Nagel, The View from Nowhere (Oxford, 1986). objectivity, historical: see h...

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... for example). But the latter soon gave way to the realists Russell and Moore after 1903, and they, in turn, in the 1930s, to Wittgenstein. ( *Oxford philosophy; *Cam- bridge philosophy. ) Cambridge ... Ayer. With these three, together with Austin and Strawson, Oxford took the lead and attracted visiting American philosophers in the first few post-war decades to such an ext...

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