The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 71 docx

... had little to say of ‘feeling’.) He insisted thathaving the right passions was essential to the virtuous life. The Stoics, too, took an interest in emotion on the way to forming their ethics. ... conclusionsexpressing the simplicity of the soul, the personality of the soul, the immortality of the soul, and the existence of the external world. In each case, the mistake is to try to derivea tenet ... according to Hobbes, individualscovenant with each other to submit their wills to the will ofone who is thereby authorized to act on their behalf. The authority of this Leviathan therefore...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 16 docx

... justiﬁed.Chisholm’s commitment to the second of these pre-suppositions caused him to devote a great deal of time to the ‘Gettier problem’. His commitment to the third ledhim to reject externalist accounts ... passions, and asthese are the only ties of our thoughts, they are really to us the cement of the universe, and all the operations of the mind must, in a great measure, depend on them’ (AnAbstract ... another, and where all the objects similar to the ﬁrst are followed by objects similar to the second’.According to a standard interpretation, Hume argued that nothing in the world deserves the...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 17 docx

... and the gods that gave their names to the sevendays of the week. The ‘gazing Country-man’ who onlyobserves the ‘outward appearances’ of the clock has a verydifferent idea of the clock from the ... threat to be cred-ible, either both parties must know that the person mak-ing the threat can make good on it, or the one making the threat must successfully deceive the person threatenedinto so ... aesthetics, his somewhat austere theoryapplies well to *music. He was a considerable musicianhimself. m.w.*history, problems of the philosophy of; history, his-tory of the philosophy of.A full annotated...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 29 docx

... veil over the world rather than reveal-ing it to us. Another sceptical difﬁculty here derives from the *argument from illusion.At the other extreme is the epistemology of reason. The activities ... to me just now. If this lastwere true, we are thrown back to two questions. The ﬁrstis whether, and how, the belief about how things seem to me just now is justiﬁed. The second is whether the ... ones. The esoteric workswere intended for more advanced pupils. Their obscuritygave rise to the story that they concealed Aristotle’s truedoctrines, which were a secret to be revealed only to...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 31 docx

... accepted the beneﬁtsthat the other party conceived of your accepting the bene-ﬁts as the ﬁrst stage of an exchange, then you are notrequired to pay up, since you didn’t actually agree to the exchange. ... chieﬂy with the name of Karl Marx, whogave the name ‘rate of exploitation’ to the ratio of the labour time in which the worker produces the capitalist’ssurplus to the labour time in which the worker ... hypothesis, amatter of theory rather than fact. Could this be the truththat remains when the misconceived parallels are setaside?There is a problem only to the extent that we are sup-posed to...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 41 docx

... a.maci.*Buddhist philosophy; moral philosophy, history of.history, history of the philosophy of. Philosophy of his-tory is generally understood as covering two distinct typesof inquiry. The ﬁrst of these—commonly ... begins. The outcome of the conﬂict is the transformation of the relations of production to bring them into line with the productive powers so as to facilitate the further expansion of thesepowers. ... warrant the conclusion that we oughtnot even to attempt to write the history of moral philoso-phy as a separate history? Should we write the history ofmoral philosophy only as one strand in the...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 90 docx

... eitherﬁnite or has the same size as the natural numbers, the smallest inﬁnite set. It is a theorem of standard *set theory,due to Cantor, that the set of real *numbers is not count-able—there ... self-afﬁrmation on the part of the powerful,‘slave morality’ is a reactive morality originating in resent-ment of the powerful on the part of the powerless. The qualities of the powerful which they afﬁrm ... services are to be pro-duced, how they are to be produced, in what quantities,and at what prices they are to be sold, rather then simplyallowing these matters to be determined by the marketthrough...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 91 docx

... the rabbis feltthat they must afﬁrm the religious unity of their commu-nity (there were some other similar instances of herem).Others emphasize the need to reassure the city fathers that the ... aimed to take the story beyond the Stoicsand Epicureans, where it usually stops, to the end of Greek philosophy around ad 600, thereby showing its continuitywith the succeeding philosophies of the ... ofPlato. Socrates is one of the most signiﬁcant yet most enig-matic ﬁgures in the history of philosophy: signiﬁcantbecause his relation to Plato was crucial to the develop-ment of the latter,...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 102 docx

... people, partly to give a general temporal framework andpartly to pick out items that might be thought to have some relevance to the development of philosophy. The correlation between the columns, ... lawsHerodotus presents a panorama of the world known to the Greeks in his HistoriesPeloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens, 431–404, endsin defeat of Athens, which quickly revivesEarliest ... reconcile Christianity with Platonic philosophy by interpreting the BibleDiogenes Laertius, important source for history of philosophy, writingDiophantus the mathematician active c.250Manichean...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 107 ppsx

... gnosticism; language,history of the philosophy of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the phil-osophy of; metaphysics, history of; mind, history of the philosophy of; ... language, historyof the philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of;macrocosm and microcosm; materialism; mathemat-ics, history of the philosophy of; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, history ... problems of the philosophy of; scientism philosophy and the public popular philosophy philosophy and theology see theology and philosophy philosophy and war see war and philosophy philosophy of...

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