The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 3 pptx

... 529. l.p.g. *philosophy, history of centres and departments of.J. Dillon, The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy 34 7–274 BC (Oxford, 20 03) .—— The Middle Platonists 80 BC to AD 220 (Ithaca, ... motion, due to Zeno ofElea. In a race, Achilles can never catch the tortoise, if the tortoise is given a head start. For while Achilles closes the initial gap between them, the tortoise will ... 1 934 he was forced to emigrate, ﬁrst to Oxford, then in 1 938 to New York.His thought was permanently marked by the rise of fas-cism, and by the failure of *Marxism both in the West andin the...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 10 pptx

... them. Forexample, our access to the physical world seems to be onlyvia our own sense-data, to the minds of others via theirbehaviour, and to the past via our memories. There arefour types of possible ... forinstance, that the wrongness of *killing rests, in part, on the fact that to deprive someone of their life is normally to violate their autonomy. This account carries the implica-tion that the moral ... wished their life to beended—for instance, in the case of voluntary *euthanasia.On the contrary, respect for the person’s autonomywould then require one to comply with their wishes.Another...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 25 pptx

... arranged as to enable him to fulﬁl this role. In such a society the rulers will possess the wisdom to guide the rest in the light of the good and the true.In the good city there will be all the usual ... of Socratesthan to the Plato of the Republic.During the Christian era, Platonic themes resurface,notably in the writings of St Augustine. Human natureneeds to be turned to the light because ... regularitiesrequire: they are bound to have the attitudes that lead byordinary psychology to suitable actions; or they arebound, at whatever cost to their attitudinal coherence—they may ‘go on the blink’—to...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 43 pptx

... agreeable to the personhimself or to others’; and he invokes sympathy, probably the central notion of his whole moral theory, to explain theiroperation. Qualities that are useful or agreeable to otherswill ... were the ﬁrst agents of a de facto *pluralism. The condemnation of the revisionists, and their joiningforces with other dissidents, quickened the pace of the dis-integration of the system. The ... pushed the pendulum to the other extreme, suggesting that only the young andundeveloped is the truly good. Based on a totally inad-equate grasp of the facts, the belief grew that it is in the ‘noble...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 51 pptx

... to the idealist H. H.Joachim’s The Nature of Truth (1906) or to the pragmatistWilliam James’s The Meaning of Truth (1909) as they do to the founding works of analytical philosophy. s.w.b.There ... using them. But the story is entirely schematic, rem-iniscent of the Stoic doctrine of lekta, and Frege tells usnothing of the nature of this grasp, nor how to answer the old objections to the ... effects on the personapprehending them; hence they are theoretically uselessand should play no part in a naturalistic science of the mind. The argument applies to both Platonic and Aris-totelian...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 53 pptx

... observeis ﬁrst the occurrence of the cause, followed by the occur-rence of the effect. There is nothing to bind them together,apart from the fact that they are constantly conjoined, in the sense ... each has the perceptionswe would expect it to have, were there extended materialobjects that are perceived. The ﬁrst is the thesis of univer-sal expression; the second, the thesis of the *pre-established ... hiscontributions to mathematics, especially to the develop-ment of the *calculus. The debate concerning to whompriority of discovery should be assigned—Newton orLeibniz—captured the attention of their...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 57 pptx

... (1 957) ; repr. in Logico-linguistic Papers(London, 1971).logicism. The slogan of the programme is ‘Mathematics islogic’. The goal is to provide solutions to problems in the philosophy of *mathematics, ... is rich enough to docomplete justice to mathematics. It is often said that the logicists accomplished (only) a reduction of somebranches of mathematics to set theory. On the other hand,a number ... enough to employ him, is declared to be the one person ﬁt to discover ‘Virtue’s Terra Incog-nita’. j.o’g.Luther, Martin (1483–1546). German theologian, Profes-sor of Philosophy and then of Theology...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 63 pptx

... heredesigned the liberal ediﬁce built on these foundations to the romantic patterns of the nineteenth century. For thesehe was himself one of the great spokesmen. He learnedmuch of the historical ... fundamental to scientiﬁc inquiry was the hypothetical method, in whichone argues to the truth of a hypothesis from the fact that itwould explain observed phenomena. Mill, on the otherhand, ... individuality and autonomy, capable of being brought to fruition through the culture of the whole man. The controversy over Mill’s achievement has alwayscentred on whether the synthesis he sought,...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 64 pptx

... than, or prior to, the inten-tionality of language, or is it rather the reverse? Perhaps,neither is prior to the other, both being interdependent.Moreover, we seem to be able to have thoughts ... of modes is that they dependfor their identity upon the identity of the particular sub-stances which possess them. Thus, that a thought is the particular thought it is is partly determined ... examplewould be the square shape of a particular piece of wood.Here the wood is the substance possessing the mode, andspatial extension is the attribute of which the mode is aninstance. Another example...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 65 pptx

... happiness for the greatest numbers’.These phrases went to the making of the moral theorywhich was the most important successor to the work of the British Moralists the theory of *utilitarianism.Though ... formulation in the Republic. There Plato argues that the good life consistsin the harmony of the soul, with each part of the soul—reason, spirit, and appetite—performing its proper func-tion. The traditional ... accordancewith the virtues is thereby shown to be the best life forhuman beings. This is Plato’s answer to the question‘Why should I be moral?’Although there are important differences between the moral...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 83 pptx

... applied to wise men, such asSocrates—and then, when they are applied to God, sup-pose them to be attributing to him the nearest thing to the mundane property which could belong to the cause ... taken together. Argu-ments from observable data to an explanatory hypothesisin science, history, or any other area, in the opinion of thiswriter, make the hypothesis probable in so far as (1) the hypothesis ... asso-ciated with the traditional civic gods. These three schools the Platonists, the Aristotelians, and the Stoics—contended at length with the gentle irreligion of the Epicureans, for whom the gods’...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 94 pptx

... are needed to entail the existence of a Form can then be reapplied to entail the existence of further Forms in inﬁnite regress. The nerve of the argument is whether a Platonic Form (or other similarentity) ... say,were we in their predicament, subject to the same factors.Simulation theory privileges the ﬁrst-person point of view in our understanding of others, whereas ‘theory’ theory privileges the third-personal ... something to the livingbody so also the faculty of intellect presents something to the mind. Thus there is a kind of act which is related to the intellect as seeing is related to the living...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 96 pptx

... ought to actin a certain way towards others, the universalizability of‘ought’ requires me to accept that others ought to act in the same way towards me. This then commits me, it issaid, to accepting ... enough to make a list of these. Cer-tainly in their talk they give evidence of having the mater-ials ready to hand. Philosopher-editors, being accessories to the publication of much that by their ... reducing effects to their material causes. The appeal here is to intuitionslike ‘What is the nail-clipper except the steel?’ Such reduc-tive logic is then applied to resolve all objects into inten-tional...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 97 pptx

... 1927 into the Vienna Circle 945authors. Highly critical of the philosophical theology ofmedieval thinkers such as Aquinas, he wanted to return to the rhetorical theology of the Church Fathers. ... empirical adequacy is the only aimof scientiﬁc theorizing. The belief that the theory ﬁts the observable phenomena is the only belief involved inaccepting a scientiﬁc theory; explanatory power is notgrounds ... heterodox views like atheism, and respond to the problem of evil, naturalism, no-self theories, etc.They seek to establish God as the material and efﬁcientcause of the cosmos, they analyse dreaming,...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 98 pptx

... in the 1880s and the concept of Wohfahrstaat in the 1920s. The USA has been much less inﬂuenced by theseideas. At the moment there seems to be a move away fromwelfarism in the UK and other parts ... virtue, the miseryof war, the causes of war, the *just war, and the possibilityof creating peace and universal brotherhood. But war hasbeen important to philosophy in other ways too. The dis-astrous ... papers Walton has addressed issues concerning the aesthetics of photography, the aesthetics of music, the embedding of moral perspectives in literature, and the role of simulation in aesthetic appreciation....

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