The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 3 pptx

... 529. l.p.g. *philosophy, history of centres and departments of. J. Dillon, The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy 34 7–274 BC (Oxford, 20 03) . —— The Middle Platonists 80 BC to AD 220 (Ithaca, ... motion, due to Zeno of Elea. In a race, Achilles can never catch the tortoise, if the tortoise is given a head start. For while Achilles closes the initial gap between th...

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... them. For example, our access to the physical world seems to be only via our own sense-data, to the minds of others via their behaviour, and to the past via our memories. There are four types of possible ... for instance, that the wrongness of *killing rests, in part, on the fact that to deprive someone of their life is normally to violate their autonomy. This account c...

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... arranged as to enable him to fulfil this role. In such a society the rulers will possess the wisdom to guide the rest in the light of the good and the true. In the good city there will be all the usual ... of Socrates than to the Plato of the Republic. During the Christian era, Platonic themes resurface, notably in the writings of St Augustine. Human nature need...

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... agreeable to the person himself or to others’; and he invokes sympathy, probably the central notion of his whole moral theory, to explain their operation. Qualities that are useful or agreeable to others will ... were the first agents of a de facto *pluralism. The condemnation of the revisionists, and their joining forces with other dissidents, quickened the pace of the d...

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... to the idealist H. H. Joachim’s The Nature of Truth (1906) or to the pragmatist William James’s The Meaning of Truth (1909) as they do to the founding works of analytical philosophy. s.w.b. There ... using them. But the story is entirely schematic, rem- iniscent of the Stoic doctrine of lekta, and Frege tells us nothing of the nature of this grasp, nor how to answer...

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... observe is first the occurrence of the cause, followed by the occur- rence of the effect. There is nothing to bind them together, apart from the fact that they are constantly conjoined, in the sense ... each has the perceptions we would expect it to have, were there extended material objects that are perceived. The first is the thesis of univer- sal expression; the secon...

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... (1 957) ; repr. in Logico-linguistic Papers (London, 1971). logicism. The slogan of the programme is ‘Mathematics is logic’. The goal is to provide solutions to problems in the philosophy of *mathematics, ... is rich enough to do complete justice to mathematics. It is often said that the logicists accomplished (only) a reduction of some branches of mathematics to set the...

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... he redesigned the liberal edifice built on these foundations to the romantic patterns of the nineteenth century. For these he was himself one of the great spokesmen. He learned much of the historical ... fundamental to scientific inquiry was the hypothetical method, in which one argues to the truth of a hypothesis from the fact that it would explain observed phenomena. Mil...

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... than, or prior to, the inten- tionality of language, or is it rather the reverse? Perhaps, neither is prior to the other, both being interdependent. Moreover, we seem to be able to have thoughts ... of modes is that they depend for their identity upon the identity of the particular sub- stances which possess them. Thus, that a thought is the particular thought it is is part...

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... happiness for the greatest numbers’. These phrases went to the making of the moral theory which was the most important successor to the work of the British Moralists the theory of *utilitarianism. Though ... formulation in the Republic. There Plato argues that the good life consists in the harmony of the soul, with each part of the soul— reason, spirit, and appeti...

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... applied to wise men, such as Socrates—and then, when they are applied to God, sup- pose them to be attributing to him the nearest thing to the mundane property which could belong to the cause ... taken together. Argu- ments from observable data to an explanatory hypothesis in science, history, or any other area, in the opinion of this writer, make the hypothesis probab...

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... are needed to entail the existence of a Form can then be reapplied to entail the existence of further Forms in infinite regress. The nerve of the argument is whether a Platonic Form (or other similar entity) ... say, were we in their predicament, subject to the same factors. Simulation theory privileges the first-person point of view in our understanding of others, whereas ‘t...

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... ought to act in a certain way towards others, the universalizability of ‘ought’ requires me to accept that others ought to act in the same way towards me. This then commits me, it is said, to accepting ... enough to make a list of these. Cer- tainly in their talk they give evidence of having the mater- ials ready to hand. Philosopher-editors, being accessories to the pub...

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... 1927 into the Vienna Circle 945 authors. Highly critical of the philosophical theology of medieval thinkers such as Aquinas, he wanted to return to the rhetorical theology of the Church Fathers. ... empirical adequacy is the only aim of scientific theorizing. The belief that the theory fits the observable phenomena is the only belief involved in accepting a scientific theor...

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... in the 1880s and the concept of Wohfahrstaat in the 1920s. The USA has been much less influenced by these ideas. At the moment there seems to be a move away from welfarism in the UK and other parts ... virtue, the misery of war, the causes of war, the *just war, and the possibility of creating peace and universal brotherhood. But war has been important to philosophy i...

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