... biomass within a forest stand can be transformed into litterfall. Those are: 390 to 830 (520 on average) nests/ha/year for needles, 980 to 2900 (1460 on average) nests/ha/year for twigs, and 4100 ... hardwood forest? Microbial Ecology, 57, 728-739 Hobara, S.; Osono, T.; Koba, K.; Tokuchi, N.; Fujiwara, S.; Kameda, K. (2001). Forest floor quality and N transformations in a temperate forest, ... saprobic fungi in forest soils affected by excess supply of avian-derived N and the consequences for carbon sequestration in forest soils. 1.2 Cormorant populations in lakeside forests in Japan...