Environmental Life Cycle Costing - Chapter 2 doc

... Verghese 7 .1 Introduction 11 3 7.2 Organic versus Conventional Extra-Virgin Olive Oil 11 8 7.2 .1 Summary 11 8 7.2.2 Denition of the Case Study 11 8 7.2.3 Entry Gate and Drivers 11 8 7.2.4 Implementation 11 8 7.2.5 ... Three Types of Life Cycle Costing 15 3 8 .1. 1 Conventional LCC 15 3 © 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 1 1 Introduct...

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... D+E 1 3 42 € — 103 € 2 to 12 20 € 896 € 464 € 13 – 42 € — 8 € Total 320 € 896 € 575 € Note: Years: 1 = production, 2 to 12 = 11 years of use, and 13 = end of life. * End-of -life costs and savings ... collectors and recyclers, excluding consumer costs for separate collection. © 20 08 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 20 Environmental Life Cyc...

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... of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Environmental Life Cycle Costing 41 3. 3 CALCULATING LIFE CYCLE COSTS BASED ON THE PROCESS LCI OF LCA 3. 3.1 G ENERAL PROCEDURE As in LCA, environmental ... the product is given by p 3 a 31 , with a 31 = 1, that is, p 3 . The solution p 1 of equation (3. 3) with the a 21 replaced by a 21  and a 31 = 1 then giv...

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... 10 9 0.01 Au-ore 1 .46 10 6 1.19 10 6 1. 74 10 12 1. 64 Cu-ore 9.03 10 9 208 1.88 10 12 1.77 Fe-ore 5.07 10 11 0.961 4. 87 10 11 0 .46 Pt-ore 1. 24 10 5 7 .43 10 6 9.21 10 11 0.87 Pd-ore 9.90 10 4 7 .43 10 6 7.36 ... care. © 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 76 Environmental Life Cycle Costing 4. 4 .4 ACCESS TO CAPITAL Standard & Poor...

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... Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Costing in Life Cycle Management 85 5.3 CONTINUOUS PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT 5. 3.1 LCC AND LCIA IN ECODESIGN Product design has been ... the decision-relevant future, discounting, and the currency futures market. © 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 77 5 Life Cycle Costi...

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... static life cycle. These were set to a life cycle duration of 0 years in Figure 6. 5; the longest life cycle spans 90 years (a building).** * The SETAC-Europe Working Group on Life Cycle Costing ... steady-state life cycle. Conventional LCC studies do not assume a stationary life cycle; in addition, the life cycle duration typically is longer (Figure 6. 17). Thi...

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... 6.4 6.5 6.6 6 .7 6.8 6.9 7 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 Annual life cycle costs Environmental evaluation (VCD) Opel Corsa 1.0 Twinport Fiat Punto 1.2 8V Citroen C2 1.1 116 Environmental Life Cycle Costing TABLE 7. 2 Summary ... costs 4991 € 5529 € 477 9 € © 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 140 Environmental Life Cycle Costing 7. 7. 3...

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... appropriate for a sustain- ability assessment. © 20 08 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 156 Environmental Life Cycle Costing The life cycle cost, as a ratio to ... the outset of the deliberations of the SETAC-Europe Working Group on Life Cycle Costing, identied 3 types of life cycle costing. The principal dif- ferences in these method...

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... approximately in 199 0; © 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 162 Environmental Life Cycle Costing raw material acquisition to production, use, end-of -life treatment, ... the environmental aspects and potential impacts” throughout a product’s life cycle from © 2008 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 160 Env...

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... 2003. Life cycle costing: paving the road to sustainable develop- ment? International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8 (2), 109 – 110. Hunkeler, D, Rebitzer, G. 2005. The future of life cycle ... Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 7 (4), 203–218. Schmidt, W-P. 2003. Life cycle costing as part of design for environment: environmental business cases. International...

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... Compounds 13 9 11 .1 Introduction 13 9 11 .2 Sources 13 9 11 .3 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 14 0 11 .3 .1 Alkanes 14 0 11 .3 .1. 1 Properties and Use 14 0 11 .3 .1. 2 Health Effects 14 1 11 .3.2 Alkenes 14 2 11 .3.2 .1 Properties ... Use 14 2 11 .3.2.2 Health Effects 14 2 11 .3.3 The Aromatic Hydrocarbons 14 2 11 .3.3 .1 Benzene 14 3 11 .3.3.2 Toluene 14 4 11 .3.3....

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... 125 .4 a — 12. 8 a — 1960 125 .8 0.3 19 .2 50 1970 129 .8 3.5 28 .4 122 1980 1 32. 8 5.9 36.4 184 1990 135.0 7.6 41.4 22 3 1995 129 .9 3.5 39.7 21 0 a The rate of 1950 was used as basis of comparison. From ... 1996. 23 . Nriagu, J.O., History of global metal pollution, Science , 27 2, 22 3, 1996. 24 . Waldron, H.A., The blood lead level threshold, Arch. Environ. H...

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... included iodine- 131 with a half -life of 8 days; cesium- 134 and cesium- 137 with half-lives of two and 30 years, respec- tively; and several plutonium isotopes with half-lives ranging from 13 to 24,000 ... LA4154/frame/C 03 Page 20 Wednesday, May 17, 2000 3: 42 PM © 2001 by CRC Press LLC OCCURRENCE OF TOXICANTS 23 3. 7.1.1 Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1 930 This episode occurred on D...

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... with liver cellular components. (4. 4)CCl CCl Cl 43 Cyt P450 → ⋅ + ⋅ LA41 54/ frame/C 04 Page 41 Wednesday, May 17, 2000 3:52 PM © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 40 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Fluoride ... DDT) Estrogen Receptor Complex NUCLEUS gene mRNA DNA Protein Estrogenic Response CYTOPLASM LA41 54/ frame/C 04 Page 44 Wednesday, May 17, 2000 3:52 PM © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 31 C...

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... form, 1, 2 5- dihydroxy-D 3 , the “hormone-like” substance. In other words, vitamin D 3 (chole- calciferol) is first hydroxylated in the liver to 2 5- hydroxy-D 3 . The resultant 2 5- hydroxy-D 3 ... 2+  2 5  5 LA4 154 /frame/C 05 Page 60 Thursday, May 18, 2000 9:36 AM © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 47 CHAPTER 5 Factors Affecting Xenob...

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