... Netherlands, and Luxembourg—have been members of the European Economic Community; they were laterjoined by the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, and, most recently, Spain and Portu-gal. ... restraints, and local content requirements. Fortunately, once we understandtariffs it is not too difficult to understand these other trade instruments.Export Subsidies: Theory An export ... than Euro-peans and Japanese, and, by and large, foreign firms have chosen not to challenge the UnitedStates in the large-car market.In 1979, however, sharp oil price increases and temporary...