What makes Total Quality Management work A study of obstacles and outcomes

... beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities, and habits acquired by man as a member of a society”. ♦ Relation of Culture and Language The relationship between language and culture ... Adverbial Clauses of Time + Adverbial Clauses of Place + Adverbial Clauses of Condition + Adverbial Clauses of Concession + Adverbial Clauses of Reason + Adverbial Clauses of Comparison ■ Relative ... understanding and translating these FSs to find out translated Vietnamese equivalent by translators and learners in both English and Vietnamese. This study of semantic and syntactic features of...

... teaching and learning English and Vietnamese as a foreign language. 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the semantic and syntactic features of English IsRTFs? 2. What are the semantic and ... stated that “fruit is the part of a plant that consists of one or more seeds and flesh, can be eaten as food and usually tastes sweet: tropical fruits such as bananas and pineapples” or a ... and raise the awareness among them of the beauty of language and its cultural features. 1.2.2. Objectives of the Study - Identify and describe semantic and syntactic features of English and...

... 16 No Warm in Collocation (Pattern: Warm and +) Warm and A A and Warm A Warm + A English Meaning Vietnamese Meaning 1 warm and pleasant/ cheerful snug and warm cosy ấm ... designate a member of a class. For instance, oak is a hyponym of tree, and dog is a hyponym of animal. 2.2.1.7. Semantic field The semantic structure of vocabulary of a language can be studied ... follow quantitative and qualitative approach and develops in different chapters containing some basic theoretical concepts related to and semantic features of the adjective Warm and its Vietnamese...

... politeness as forms of behaviour that establish and maintain comity. That is the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony. ... in particular in English and Vietnamese as foreign languages. 1.5. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY This research is carried out in contrastive analysis of the syntactic and pragmatic features of indirect ... makes me want to find, identify, classify, and find similarities and differences of requests, particularly in the field of pragmatics, use of language, in English and in Vietnamese. (1) Can...

... Phrase-structure rules are a way to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of Transformational Grammar. Phrase structure rules are usually of ... the qualitative and quantitative approaches are combined to analyze the data. On one hand, the qualitative approach is used in describing and analyzing data to find out the distinctive features ... semantic and syntactic features of sports headings in English and Vietnamese newspapers? 4. What are the differences of the semantic and syntactic features of sports headings in English and...

... investigate into cultural and pragmatic features of IPOA. 1.5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the syntactic characteristics of English and Vietnamese IPOA? 2. What are the semantic characteristics ... use, describe and talk about people’s appearance more effectively and naturally. More importantly, the syntactic and semantic similarities and differences of IPOA analyzed in this study will, ... characteristics of English and Vietnamese IPOA? 3 .What are the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese IPOA in terms of their syntactic and semantic aspects ? 4. What are some...

... CONCLUSIONFrom the analysis above , we can affirm that English idioms in general and English idioms of anger in particular are various and interesting materialsin teaching and translating. Language, as W ... contrast to literal translation, idiomatic translation uses natural forms of target language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation ... communicate successfully and make language more interesting,they are not easy at all to master and use appropriately. For example, when wesay “If I’m late again my Dad will go bananas” (Nếu...

... short,ismostoftenmerely a symptom of a muchwider and morebasicailment.Ifnationswith"balance -of- payments"problemsdidnothave a quasi-charitableworldgovernmentinstitutiontofallbackon and wereobligedtoresorttoprudentlymanagedprivatebanks,domesticorforeign,tobailthemout,theywouldbeforcedtomakedrasticreformsintheirpoliciestoobtainsuchloans.Asitis,theIMF,ineffect,encouragesthemtocontinuetheirsocialist and inflationistcourse.TheIMFloansnotonly14encouragecontinuedinflationintheborrowingcountries,butthemselvesdirectlyaddtoworldinflation.(Theseloans,incidentally,arelargelymadeatbelow-marketinterestrates.)ButtheFundhasincreasedworldinflationinstillanotherway,notcontemplatedintheoriginalArticles of Agreement of 1944.In1970,itcreated a newcurrency,called"SpecialDrawingRights"(SDRs).TheseSDRswerecreatedout of thinair,by a stroke of thepen.Theywerecreated,accordingtotheFund,"tomeet a widespreadconcernthatthegrowth of internationalliquiditymightbeinadequate" (A Keynesianeuphemismfornotenoughpapermoney).TheseSDRs,inthewords of theIMF,wereallocatedtomembers—attheiroption—inproportiontotheirquotasoverspecifiedperiods.Duringthefirstperiod,1970-72,SDR9.3billionwasallocated.TherewerenofurtherallocationsuntilJanuary1,1979.Amounts of SDR4billioneachwereallocatedonJanuary1,1979,onJanuary1,1980, and January1,1981.SDRsinexistencenow[April,1982] total SDR21.4billion,about5percent of presentinternationalnon-goldreserves.Inview of theeasewithwhichthisfiatworldmoneywascreated,itslimitedvolume(eventhoughinexcess of SDRs20billion)maystrikemanypeopleassurprisinglymoderate.Butitscreation,asweshallsee,setanominousprecedent.Ishoulddefinemorespecificallyjust what anSDRis.FromJuly,1974,throughDecember,1980,theSDRwasvaluedonthebasis of themarketexchangeratefor a basket of thecurrencies of the16members15withthelargestexports of goods and services.SinceJanuary,1981,thebaskethasbeencomposed of thecurrencies of thefivememberswiththelargestexports of goods and services.Thecurrencies and theirweightsinthebasketaretheU.S.dollar(42percent),thedeutschemark(19percent), and theyen,Frenchfranc, and poundsterling(13percenteach).TheSDRservesastheofficialunit of accountinkeepingthebooks of theIMF.Itisdesigned,inthewords of theFund,to"eventuallybecometheprincipalasset of theinternationalmonetarysystem."Butitisworthnoting a fewthingsaboutit.Itsvaluechangeseverydayinrelationtothedollar and everyothernationalcurrency.(Forexample,onAugust25,1982,theSDRwasvaluedat$1,099 and sixdayslaterat$1,083.)Moreimportantly,theSDR,composed of a basket of papercurrencies,isitself a paperunitgovernedby a weightedaverage of inflationinfivecountries and steadilydepreciatinginpurchasingpower. A number of countrieshavepeggedtheircurrenciestotheSDR—i.e.,to a fallingpeg.YettheIMFboaststhatitisstillitspolicy"toreducegraduallythemonetaryrole of gold," and proudlypointsoutthatfrom1975to1980itsold50millionounces of gold a third of its1975holdings.TheU.S.TreasuryDepartmentcanmake a similarboast. What neithertheFundnortheAmericanTreasurybothertopointoutisthatthisgoldhasanenormouslyhighervaluetodaythanatthetimethesalesweremade.Theprofithasgonetoworldspeculators and otherprivatepersons.TheAmerican and, inpart,theforeigntaxpayerhaslostagain.Toresumethehistory of theBrettonWoodsagreements and theIMF:BecausetheFundwas16createdoncompletelymistakenassumptionsregarding what waswrong and what wasneeded,itsloanswentwrongfromtheverybeginning.ItbeganoperationsonMarch1,1947.In a bookpublishedthatyear,WillDollarsSavetheWorld,Iwasalreadypointingout(pp.81-82)that:The[InternationalMonetary]Fundinitspresentformoughtnottoexistatall.Itsmanagersarevirtuallywithoutpowertoinsistoninternalfiscal and economicreformsbeforetheygranttheircredits. A $25millioncreditgrantedbythefundtoFrance,forexample,isbeingusedtokeepthefrancfaraboveitsrealpurchasingpower and at a levelthatencouragesimports and discouragesexports.Thismerelyprolongstheunbalance of Frenchtrade and creates a needforstillmoreloans.Such a use of theresources of theFundnotonlyfailstodoanygood,butdoespositiveharm.Thisloan and itsconsequencesweretypical.YetonDec.18,1946,theIMFcontendedthatthetradedeficits of Europeancountries"wouldnotbeappreciablynarrowedbychangesintheircurrencyparities."Thecountriesthemselvesfinallydecidedotherwise.OnSept.18,1949,preciselytorestoreitstradebalance and "toearnthedollarsweneed,"thegovernment of GreatBritainslashedtheparvalue of thepoundovernightfrom$4.03to$2.80.Within a singleweektwenty-fivenationsfolloweditsexamplewith a similardevaluation.AsIwroteinNewsweek of Oct.3,1949:"Nothingquitecomparablewiththishashappenedbeforeinthehistory of theworld."It17waslargelytheexistence of theIMF and itsmisguidedlendingthathadencouraged a continuance of per-niciouseconomicpoliciesonthepart of individualnations and stilldoes.Letusnowtakeanotherjumpforwardinourhistory.In a columnpublishedonMarch23,1969,"TheComingMonetaryCollapse",Ipredictedthat:"TheinternationalmonetarysystemsetupatBrettonWoodsin1944isontheverge of breakingdown," and "one of thesedaystheUnitedStateswillbeopenlyforcedtorefusetopayoutanymore of itsgoldat$35anounceeventoforeigncentralbanks."Thisactuallyoccurredtwo -and -a- halfyearslater,onAug.15,1971.Thefulfillment of thisprophecydidnotmeanthatIwastheseventhson of a seventhson.Isimplypointedindetailtotheconditionsalreadyexisting ... short,ismostoftenmerely a symptom of a muchwider and morebasicailment.Ifnationswith"balance -of- payments"problemsdidnothave a quasi-charitableworldgovernmentinstitutiontofallbackon and wereobligedtoresorttoprudentlymanagedprivatebanks,domesticorforeign,tobailthemout,theywouldbeforcedtomakedrasticreformsintheirpoliciestoobtainsuchloans.Asitis,theIMF,ineffect,encouragesthemtocontinuetheirsocialist and inflationistcourse.TheIMFloansnotonly14encouragecontinuedinflationintheborrowingcountries,butthemselvesdirectlyaddtoworldinflation.(Theseloans,incidentally,arelargelymadeatbelow-marketinterestrates.)ButtheFundhasincreasedworldinflationinstillanotherway,notcontemplatedintheoriginalArticles of Agreement of 1944.In1970,itcreated a newcurrency,called"SpecialDrawingRights"(SDRs).TheseSDRswerecreatedout of thinair,by a stroke of thepen.Theywerecreated,accordingtotheFund,"tomeet a widespreadconcernthatthegrowth of internationalliquiditymightbeinadequate" (A Keynesianeuphemismfornotenoughpapermoney).TheseSDRs,inthewords of theIMF,wereallocatedtomembers—attheiroption—inproportiontotheirquotasoverspecifiedperiods.Duringthefirstperiod,1970-72,SDR9.3billionwasallocated.TherewerenofurtherallocationsuntilJanuary1,1979.Amounts of SDR4billioneachwereallocatedonJanuary1,1979,onJanuary1,1980, and January1,1981.SDRsinexistencenow[April,1982] total SDR21.4billion,about5percent of presentinternationalnon-goldreserves.Inview of theeasewithwhichthisfiatworldmoneywascreated,itslimitedvolume(eventhoughinexcess of SDRs20billion)maystrikemanypeopleassurprisinglymoderate.Butitscreation,asweshallsee,setanominousprecedent.Ishoulddefinemorespecificallyjust what anSDRis.FromJuly,1974,throughDecember,1980,theSDRwasvaluedonthebasis of themarketexchangeratefor a basket of thecurrencies of the16members15withthelargestexports of goods and services.SinceJanuary,1981,thebaskethasbeencomposed of thecurrencies of thefivememberswiththelargestexports of goods and services.Thecurrencies and theirweightsinthebasketaretheU.S.dollar(42percent),thedeutschemark(19percent), and theyen,Frenchfranc, and poundsterling(13percenteach).TheSDRservesastheofficialunit of accountinkeepingthebooks of theIMF.Itisdesigned,inthewords of theFund,to"eventuallybecometheprincipalasset of theinternationalmonetarysystem."Butitisworthnoting a fewthingsaboutit.Itsvaluechangeseverydayinrelationtothedollar and everyothernationalcurrency.(Forexample,onAugust25,1982,theSDRwasvaluedat$1,099 and sixdayslaterat$1,083.)Moreimportantly,theSDR,composed of a basket of papercurrencies,isitself a paperunitgovernedby a weightedaverage of inflationinfivecountries and steadilydepreciatinginpurchasingpower. A number of countrieshavepeggedtheircurrenciestotheSDR—i.e.,to a fallingpeg.YettheIMFboaststhatitisstillitspolicy"toreducegraduallythemonetaryrole of gold," and proudlypointsoutthatfrom1975to1980itsold50millionounces of gold a third of its1975holdings.TheU.S.TreasuryDepartmentcanmake a similarboast. What neithertheFundnortheAmericanTreasurybothertopointoutisthatthisgoldhasanenormouslyhighervaluetodaythanatthetimethesalesweremade.Theprofithasgonetoworldspeculators and otherprivatepersons.TheAmerican and, inpart,theforeigntaxpayerhaslostagain.Toresumethehistory of theBrettonWoodsagreements and theIMF:BecausetheFundwas16createdoncompletelymistakenassumptionsregarding what waswrong and what wasneeded,itsloanswentwrongfromtheverybeginning.ItbeganoperationsonMarch1,1947.In a bookpublishedthatyear,WillDollarsSavetheWorld,Iwasalreadypointingout(pp.81-82)that:The[InternationalMonetary]Fundinitspresentformoughtnottoexistatall.Itsmanagersarevirtuallywithoutpowertoinsistoninternalfiscal and economicreformsbeforetheygranttheircredits. A $25millioncreditgrantedbythefundtoFrance,forexample,isbeingusedtokeepthefrancfaraboveitsrealpurchasingpower and at a levelthatencouragesimports and discouragesexports.Thismerelyprolongstheunbalance of Frenchtrade and creates a needforstillmoreloans.Such a use of theresources of theFundnotonlyfailstodoanygood,butdoespositiveharm.Thisloan and itsconsequencesweretypical.YetonDec.18,1946,theIMFcontendedthatthetradedeficits of Europeancountries"wouldnotbeappreciablynarrowedbychangesintheircurrencyparities."Thecountriesthemselvesfinallydecidedotherwise.OnSept.18,1949,preciselytorestoreitstradebalance and "toearnthedollarsweneed,"thegovernment of GreatBritainslashedtheparvalue of thepoundovernightfrom$4.03to$2.80.Within a singleweektwenty-fivenationsfolloweditsexamplewith a similardevaluation.AsIwroteinNewsweek of Oct.3,1949:"Nothingquitecomparablewiththishashappenedbeforeinthehistory of theworld."It17waslargelytheexistence of theIMF and itsmisguidedlendingthathadencouraged a continuance of per-niciouseconomicpoliciesonthepart of individualnations and stilldoes.Letusnowtakeanotherjumpforwardinourhistory.In a columnpublishedonMarch23,1969,"TheComingMonetaryCollapse",Ipredictedthat:"TheinternationalmonetarysystemsetupatBrettonWoodsin1944isontheverge of breakingdown," and "one of thesedaystheUnitedStateswillbeopenlyforcedtorefusetopayoutanymore of itsgoldat$35anounceeventoforeigncentralbanks."Thisactuallyoccurredtwo -and -a- halfyearslater,onAug.15,1971.Thefulfillment of thisprophecydidnotmeanthatIwastheseventhson of a seventhson.Isimplypointedindetailtotheconditionsalreadyexisting ... thePhilippines,SDR780million a total of SDR7,588millionor$8,193millioninU.S.currency.Thefuture, of course,canonlybeguessedat,buttheoutlookisominous. A soberingglanceaheadwaspublishedinNewYorkTimes of Jan.9,1983.TheIMFs total outstandingloanshadthenrisento$21billion.Theexecutivedirectors of theFundhadjustapproved a $3.9billionloandesignedasanemergencybailout of thenearbankruptMexico.TheFundhadalsoagreedto a similarpackageforArgentina.OneforBrazilhadbeenalmostcompleted.LinedupforfurtherhelpfromtheFund,whichalreadyhadloansouttothirty-threehard-pressedcountries,wereChile,thePhilippines, and Portugal.Manyhadfearedinthefall of 1982thatMexicowouldsimplyrefusetomakepaymentsonits$85billionforeigndebt,therebycreatinganevenworseinternationalfinancialcrisis.SotheManagingDirector of theIMF,theFrenchmanJacquesdeLarosi^re,beforemakingtheloan,warnedtheprivatebanksthathadalreadylentbillionstoMexicothatunlesstheycameupwithmore,theymightfindthemselveswithnothingatall.Hemet a delegationrepresenting1,400commercialbankswithloansouttoMexico.Beforeoneadditionalcentwouldbeputup...

... and arranged the original handbooks, developed learning activities and an interactive testingsystem, and has now made this available online in A Roadmap to Quality. (See Origins of A Roadmap ... Page 2 A Roadmap to Quality Overview3Unit 8. StandardizationStandardization is an essential tool for maintaining and improving quality in a company. A standard is a written description of the ... throughout the organization,from having a vision of the future of your company to maintaining a safe and healthyworkplace. It means having well-trained and motivated employees, standardized work procedures,...

... NGHI A TQM: _Total quality management_ Quản lí chất lượng toàn diện là Phương pháp quản lí cu a một tổ chức , định hướng vào chất lượng, dư a trên sự tham gia cu a mọi thành ... thành viên và nhằm đem lại sự thành công dài hạn thông qua sự tho a mãn khách hàng và lợi ích cu a mọi thành viên công ty và cu a xã hộiÁp dụng TQM không những nâng cao được ... những hoạt động quan trọng c a TQM ,. Phải làm sao cho sản phảm làm ra được thực hiện với chất lượng tốt đồng thời phải giảm chi phí sản xuât, tăng năng suất lao động, rút...