... oscillation frequency, denoted by ωp, is given byωεpnem≡FHGIKJ2012/rad / sec (8)In frequency units, this gives approximatelyfnp=−91012 3()cm GHz(9)This is called the plasma frequency, ... behaves quitedifferently. It has a characteristic velocity rather than acharacteristic frequency, and the frequency, of course, ismuch lower. The physical difference is that, as the ionsare ... perpendicular plane it forces theparticle to gyrate in a cyclotron orbit. The frequency ofthis circular motion, the cyclotron frequency ωc, is inde-pendent of velocity and depends only on the charge-to-mass...