... The increasing property8 Copula Methods in Finance corresponds to the fact that, at least in financial applications, the amount of information iscontinuously increasing as time elapses. A variable ... stochasticprocesses (see, for example, Karlin & Taylor, 1981).1.3.1 Ito’s lemma A paramount result that is used again and again in financial applications is Ito’s lemma.Say y(t)is a diffusive ... that arbitragegains, also called “free lunches”, cannot be obtained by trading the securities in the market.An arbitrage deal is a trading strategy yielding positive returns at no risk. Intuitively,...