... (%)27.114.414.913.516.28.724.115.7Sub-SaharanAfricaEast Asia and PacificSouthAsiaArabStatesLatinAmerica and the CaribbeanWorldChapter3 Water and sanitationaveragedifficultiesexperiencedinAfrica and Asia(figure1).Inmostdevelopingcountries,water and sanitationcrisisisconsideredaboveall, a crisisforthepoor.AlmosttwooutofthreepeoplewholackaccesstocleanwatergloballyhavetosurviveonincomesoflessthanUS$2perday,withoneinthreelivingonlessthanUS$1 a day.Morethan660millionpeoplewholacksanitationliveonlessthanUS$2 a day, and 385millionliveonlessthanUS$1 a day.2Incities,thelackofwaterfordrinking and sanitationlargelyaffectsthepoorwhoareforcedtoliveinsettlementswherewatersupplyisintermittentorunavailable.Thisforcesmanytobuybottledwaterathighrelativecost,placingadditionalfinancialburdenonalreadylimitedincomes.2Inadditiontothissituation,inthe1990s,internationalinitiativesintroducedbytheWorldBank and otherintergovernmentalagenciesadvocatednewformsofwater management encouraginggreaterparticipationfromtheprivatesector.As a consequence,socialtensions and civicmovementsemerged,opposingtheprivatisationofwater and theparticipationoftransnationalbusinessesinits management. OneexampleistheWaterWarinCochabambainBolivia,whereprotestsaroundhighcosts and inadequateserviceledtocivilunrest and demandsfortheprivateoperatortoleave.AnothersimilarexamplecanbefoundinUruguaywherewidespreadprotestledtoparliamentpassinganamendmenttotheconstitutionpreventingfutureprivatesectorparticipationinthewatersector.Nevertheless,thecurrenttrendremainstoward a greaterpresenceoftheprivatesectorintheurban management ofwater, a trendwhichisofconcerntomanycivicinitiativeswhichmaintainthatfairaccesstowatershouldbeconsidered a humanright.Patricia ... %'%%)H]VgZd[idiVaedejaVi^dc-(+(#&(-#-'-#+((#)''#,**#+)(#(HjW"HV]VgVc6[g^XV:Vhi6h^VVcYEVX^[^XHdji]6h^V6gVWHiViZhAVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVcLdgaYHdji]6h^V:Vhi6h^VVcYi]ZEVX^[^X)%+#'HjW"HV]VgVc6[g^XV(&)#%6gVWHiViZh(,#,AVi^c6bZg^XVVcYi]Z8Vg^WWZVc).#)''-#-IdiVa/&#&W^aa^dcTotal: 2.6 billion958.2925.9436.780.1119.4South AsiaEast Asia and the PacificSub-Saharan AfricaArab StatesLatin America and the CaribbeanSource United Nations ... planninghectaresoffarmlandweretransformedintotowns and citiesduring1972–1992 and intheUSAaround400,000hectaresoffarmlandarelosttourbanisationeveryyear.3Clearlythistrendisunsustainable and thedesiretosatiatehumanwants and lifestylesinthisway and atthisrateisfarexceedingthewiseuseofnaturalresources.Ifwearetomanagelandusedevelopmentmoresustainably,itisessentialthatwebetterunderstandthekeydriversforlandusechange.Reasonsunderlyingchangesinland-useareoftenover-simplified and as a consequenceprovide a flawedbasisforenvironmental and developmentpolicy.Itisnotalwayspopulationorpovertyalonethatdriveslandusechangesbutoftenhow a communityrespondstoeconomicopportunities and howsuchresponsesaremediatedbyvariousinstitutionalfactors.Somedriversoperateondifferentspatial and temporalscales, and thismakestheirassessment and management morepractically and politicallycomplex.Forexamplein a countrylikeSouthAfrica,wherethemajorityofthepopulationhavelongbeendeprivedofaccess and rightstoland,changingconceptsofsocialjusticehavebecome a strongdriverwhichcouldhavesignificantimplicationsforfuturechangesinlanduse.However,whileopportunities and constraintsfornewlandusearecreatedbylocalaswellasnationalmarkets and policies,itisoftenglobalforceswhichbecomethemaindeterminantsastheyamplifyorattenuatelocalfactors.Landdegradationproblemsaredirectlyrelatedtolandusepractices,especiallywherecityboundarieshaveextendedintourbansprawltoaccommodatenewhousingdevelopment,industry, and intensiveagriculturalpractices.Therefore a callforinnovativelanduse management and spatialplanningsystemsisparamounttoreversetheunwise and unsustainableuseoflandresources.Bharati Chaturvedi and Theresa SubbanThe2005MillenniumEcosystemsAssessment1statesthatduringthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,globalecosystemsunderwentgreaterchangesthanatanyothertimeinrecordedhumanhistory.Largelyas a resultofhumanactivity,manyofthesecriticalchangeshaveoccurredas a resultofhumanactivitywhichhasconvertedover24%oftheEarth’sterrestrialsurfaceintocultivatedsystems.Forexample,inthe30yearsafter1950,morelandwasconvertedforgrowingcropsthanintheentireperiod1700–1850.Themassiveurbanpopulationgrowthofthepastfiftyyearshasplacedhugepressuresonecosystemsasthegrowthofcitiesdemandsincreasingquantitiesoflandforindustry,transport and leisureactivitiesacrosstheworld.2InChinaaboutfivemillionItisnotalwayspopulationorpovertyalonethatdriveslandusechangesbutoftenhow a communityrespondstoeconomicopportunities and howsuchresponsesaremediatedbyvariousinstitutionalfactors.Contexteconomic,social and environmentaldevelopmentscenarios.Remotesensingdatacanprovideobjective,exhaustive and consistentinformationwhichisessentialforgeneratingsuchsimulations.Aswithlanduseinformation,inmanydevelopingcountriesavailabilityofsuchdataisoftenlimitedduetoshortagesinthenecessaryskills and capacitytogather and useit.Thisis a particularchallengeatthelocalgovernmentlevelwheremostland management issuesarepracticallyaddressed.Spatialplanningneedstomovebeyondtraditionallanduseplanning and bedeployedas a tooltointegratelandusepolicies.Tocreatesustainablecommunities,wemustmovebeyond a narrow,sectoralapproachtoland management and findnewwaysofthinkingtoensurebetterstakeholdercollaboration,communication,training,knowledge,learning, and waysofworking.Planningpracticesarechanging and cityplanningwithintegratedlanduse and spatialplanswillbepivotalincoordinating,managing and orchestratingchangetocreatesustainablegrowthpathsforcities.Whilsttherehasbeenmuchrecognitionofthenegativeimpactshumanactivityhascausedthroughchangesinlanduse,initiativesdesignedtopreventorslowlanddegradationthroughbetterland management haveoftendemonstratedlittlesuccess.Ifwearetoensuremoresustainablelanduse management and planningtherearestillmanychallengeswhichneedtobeaddressed.Forexample,developmentprioritiesforpoorercountriestendtofocusonwhatareconsideredmorepressingissuessuchasunemployment,loweconomicgrowth,povertyalleviation,provisionofinfrastructure and affordablehousing.As a resultdedicatedeffortstomovetowardsintegratedplanningareoftencompromised.Conventionallanduseplanninghasalsofrequentlyfailedtoproducesubstantialimprovementsinland management ortosatisfythepriorityobjectivesoflandusers.Inrecentyearsplanninghascometobeviewedasjustonestepinthelandresource management process and moreas a mechanismfordecisionsupportthan a technicalevaluationprocedure.Animprovedapproachshouldcallforintegratedplanningtoenablesustainable management oflandresources.Landuseinformationiscriticalformakingwellinformeddecisions and forundertakingstudiestohelpusunderstandissuessuchasfoodsecurity,desertification,landdegradation and climate change.However,manycountriessufferfrom a paucityofsuchlanduseinformation and thequality,availability and applicabilityoflocallyproducedlandusedatacanbeseverelylimited.Sustainableland management alsoincreasinglyrequiresknowledgeoflandusedynamicsovertimeinordertosimulateChallengesPreviouspageLow-rise...