... status of the protic subclass of ionic liquids because these offer a degree of freedom not encountered in other branches of the solvent - free liquid state. The fi rst requirement of an ionic ... School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Nobuo Kimizuka, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University Tomoya Kitazume, Department of Bioengineering, ... State University Masafumi Yoshio, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Zuofeng Zhao, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State...