... components, includingDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA and glycoproteins. Thisresponse initiates signaling pathways leading to the induction of protective cellular genes, including type-Iinterferons [initially interferon ... IFN-b through the phosphorylation of multiple cellular factors, including IFN regulatory fac-tor-3 (IRF-3) and kinases, including the Tank-bindingkinase 1 (TBK-1) and inhibitor of j B kinase e (IKK-e)[28–31]. ... activation of IRF-3 in the human hepatoma cell line HuH-7, and that NS3-4A cleaves TRIF and Cardif molecules,resulting in the interruption of antiviral signaling pathways. On the otherhand, it...