... the “bag -of- words” assumption that the or-der of words can be ignored, these methods model the text corpus by using a co-occurrence matrix of words and documents, and build generative model- s ... approachto translation model adaptation in detail.3.1 Hidden Topic Markov Model During the last couple of years, topic models suchas Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (Hof-mann, 1999) and ... get P (f|tf in) directly from the top-ic model related to Cf in. Then, considering thesentence-topic distribution P (tfout|f ) from the rel-evant topic model of Cf out, we define the...