... Proceedings of the ACL Student Research Workshop, pages 43–48,Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 2005.c2005 Association for Computational LinguisticsUsing Emoticons to reduce Dependency in Machine Learning ... presentspreliminary experimentswith training data labeled with emoticons, which has the potential of being indepen-dent of domain, topic and time.1 IntroductionRecent years have seen an increasing ... optimised for use as sentiment classificationtraining data. 2,000 articles containing smiles and2,000 articles containing frowns were held-out asoptimising test data. We took increasing amountsof...