International Labor Migration: A Responsible Role for Business pdf

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... dertoavoidappealingtoyoungerages. A highstandard:Theageorlegalmajorityisdeterminedbylocallegislation.Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyabovetheminimumlegalage:anexampleisthebanontargetingalcoholicbeveragestopeopleunderage25requiredbyFacebookinIndiaandSweden.33 For foodandbeverages,theUKOfcomregulationsapplyduringtelevisionprogrammeswhichappealtochildrenunderage16.Standard3:Mediaused for marketingmessagesIssue:Childrenhaveaccessto a widerangeofmedia.Inaddition,cross‐bordermediaservicesarenoteasilycontrolledbythejurisdictionintheterritorywherethemessageisreceived.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansincludingallmediawhichcarrymarketingmessagesaswellasthosewhichcrossnationalborders(e.g.Internet,satelliteandcableTV,andexportedTVprogrammes,films,games,toysandotherproducts).Foodpackaging,formulationandpresentationareincluded,asaresponsoredsportseventsandproductplacements. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachassumesallmediaunlessspecificallyexempted.Mediabroadcastacrossseveraltimezonesshouldbeassumedtoreachchildrenandadolescents.ExamplesfromothersectorsincludeFacebook,whichprohibitstobaccoandgamblingmarketingandrestrictsalcoholmarketing.34 For tobacco,theFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlprovides a comprehensivedefinition:‘allformsofcommercialcommunication,recommendationoractionandanyformofcontributiontoanevent,activityorindividual’.35Standard4:MarketingmethodsIssue:Mostmarketingworksbelowconsciousawareness,andchildreninparticularmaybevulnerabletomarketingmessagesofspecialappealtothem.Manymarketingmethodsfalloutsidecurrentadvertisingregulations.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansexcludingtechniqueswithspecialappealtochildrenandadolescents.Thisincludestheuseofcartooncharacters,animation,celebrities,sportspersonalities,andthecolouring,shapinganddesignofproductsandpackaginglikelytohave a particularappealtochildrenandadolescents. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachacknowledgesthatchildrenandadolescentsareexposedtomanymarketingmessages,includingthosedesignedtoattractthemandthosedesignedtotargetnon‐childaudiences. For tobacco,theFrameworkConvention36coversactionswhichhavethe‘aim,effect,orlikelyeffectofpromoting a tobaccoproductor33http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/10/08/alcohol‐advertisement‐guidelines/34http://www.facebook.com/ad_guidelines.php35http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13 .pdf 36http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13 .pdf 20tobaccouseeitherdirectlyorindirectly’.Itspecifiesall‘advertising,promotionandsponsorship’. For breast‐milksubstitutes,the International Code37specifiesthatcontrolsapplyto‘productpromotion,distribution,selling,advertising,productpublicrelations,andinformationservices’.Thesephrasescanbeadaptedwiththeadditionof‘abletoinfluence a child’.Standard5:UseofbrandsIssue:Productsandmediamaycarry a brandidentity for a companylinkedtofoodorbeverageproductswithoutspecifying a foodorbeverageorgivinganexplicitmarketingmessage.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansbrandswithrecognisablelinkstofoodandbeverageproductsneedtobetreatedasiftheywerepromotingthefoodorbeveragetowhichtheyareassociated. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachrestrictstheuseofbrandpromotionlikelytoinfluencechildrenwhenthatbrandhas a recognisableassociationwithfoodanddrinkproductssubjecttomarketingrestrictions.Wherebrandslinktomultipleproducts,theassumptionshouldbethatthebrandispromotingthemostfamiliarorhighestsellingofitsproducts.ProposalsfromtheAustralianObesityPolicyCoalitionsuggestthatbrandsshouldberestrictedunlesstheyarebeingusedin a promotion for a healthyfoodproductorrange.38‘Brand’meansthenameof a foodorbeverageproductorrangeofproducts,orthemanufacturerordistributorthereof,oranyotherwords,designsorimagesthatarecloselyassociatedwithsuchproducts.Standard6:SettingsandlocationsIssue:Authorities responsible for standardswherechildrenaregathered,suchasschoolsandchildcarefacilities,have a dutytoensurethatnothingprejudices a child’swellbeing.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansthatallsettingswherechildrengathershouldbefreefromthepromotionofspecifiedfoodandbeverages,includingbrands,logos,vouchersandgiftsassociatedwithsuchproducts. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachavoidstheneedtospecifyeverypossiblesetting.TheWHORecommendationsstate“settingsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,nurseries,schools,schoolgroundsandpre‐schoolcentres,playgrounds,familyandchildclinicsandpaediatricservices,andduringanysportingandculturalactivitiesthatareheldonthesepremises”.39 For alcohol,theCityofSanDiego,California,adoptedanordinanceinOctober2000whichprohibitsadvertisingalcoholonanybillboardwithin1,000feetofany37http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english .pdf 38http://www.opc.org.au/downloads/positionpapers/Protecting‐children‐email1_FINAL_13.04.11 .pdf 39http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/marketing‐food‐to‐children/en/index.html21school,playground,recreationcentreorfacility,childcarecentre,arcade,orlibrary.40Therearealsomanyexamplesoflocation‐basedtobaccocontrols.41Standard7:AccountabilityIssue:Marketingmessagesareproducedanddistributedbydiversestakeholdersincludingfoodproducers,manufacturers,importersorsellers,advertisingagencies,mediacompanies,mediadistributorsandretailers,webcontenthosts,webaccessprovidersandwebsearchengines.Proposal:Riskreductionrequiresthat a dutyofcareandattentiontotheprotectionofchildrenandadolescentsshouldbeexercisedbyallpartiesinthedisseminationofmarketingmessages. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachwouldholdallpartiesinvolvedinconveying a marketingmessagetobeaccountable. For sponsorshipmediathisincludessportseventhosts. For promotionaltechniquesembodiedin a foodproductthisincludesimporters,retailersandcaterers.Cross‐bordermarketingstandardsneedtobeenforceablethrough international agreementswithsanctions.Examplesofpossiblestandard‐settingmechanismsincludeWHOhealthregulations,ISOstandardsandCodexAlimentariusstandards.40http:/ /business. highbeam.com/410209/article‐1G1‐204543912/alcohol‐advertising‐billboards‐transit‐shelters‐and41http://tobaccodocuments.org/women/2080811374‐1392.html.22AppendixWorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsontheMarketingofFoodsandNon‐alcoholicBeveragestoChildren42 ... Themarketingoffoodsandnon‐alcoholicbeverageswith a highcontentoffat,sugarorsaltreacheschildrenthroughouttheworld.Effortsmustbemadetoensurethatchildreneverywhereareprotectedagainsttheimpactofsuchmarketingandgiventheopportunitytogrowanddevelopinanenablingfoodenvironment—onethatfostersandencourageshealthydietarychoicesandpromotesthemaintenanceofhealthyweight.DrAlaAlwan,AssistantDirectorGeneral,WorldHealthOrganization17andfollowedthisupwith a websiteofferingfreemealvoucherstothosewhocanidentifythepointintheadvertisementwhenthenoiseoccurred.27Morerecently,MicrosoftannouncedtechnologytoallowX‐Boxplayerstousevoicecontrolsduringgamingwhichwouldforwardadvertisingmessagestotheirfriend’sphoneswhenevermarketingpromotionswerepresentinthegame.2827EBlasshttp://www.engadget.com/2007/04/11/kfc‐ad‐agency‐strikes‐again‐with‐mosquito‐tone‐commercial/28TVega,NewYorkTimes20June2011.Seehttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21 /business/ media/21xbox.html?_r=2&ref=media18ProposedstandardsAsnotedearlier,theobjectiveofuniversalstandardsistoinstituteruleswhichachievemaximumprotectionwhileremainingpracticalandeconomicalinapplication.Althoughitcouldbeproposedthatchildrenshouldnotbeexposedtoanymarketing,thepresentdocumenttakes a ‘risk‐based’approachtoreducingexposuretothemarketingoffoodandbeverageproductswhoseregularconsumptionisliabletoincreasetheriskofnon‐communicablediseases.Furthermore,itisimportanttoidentifyexamplesofhighstandards for cross‐bordermarketingwhichhavebeenproposedas a resultofconsensus‐buildingbyreputableagencies,thusindicatingthatsuchstandardsarefeasible,practicalandeconomical.Inthissectionweproposestandardsbasedon a responsible approachtomarketingontheunderstandingthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjectedtoinducementstoconsumeproductswhich,ifconsumedroutinely,arelikelytobedetrimentaltotheirhealth.Whereavailableweshowexamplesoftheuseofsimilarstandardsinothersectors.Standard1:SpecifyingthefoodsandbeveragesIssue:Thepromotionofsomefoodsandbeveragescanunderminechildren’sdietaryhealth.Proposal:Riskreductionmeanspromotingonlythosefoodandbeverageproductswhichconformtonationaldietaryguidelinesand international standardssupportingtheWHOGlobalStrategyonDiet,PhysicalActivityandHealth29. A highstandard:Foodandbeveragesshouldbecategorisedaccordingto a validatednutrientprofilingsystem.ExamplesmayincludetheUKOfcommodelusedtoregulateadvertisingontelevision,30theNordicKeyholefoodcategorisationmodel,31ortheproposalsfromtheUSInteragencyWorkingGroup32.Standard2:AgegroupsIssue:Somemarketingworksbelowconsciouscontrol.Evenwhenchildrenandadolescentsareawareofmarketing,theymaybetrustinganduncriticalofthemessages.Medialiteracydoesnotreducemarketingmessageimpact.Proposal:Riskreductionmeanspromotingonlytothosepersonswhohavereachedanagewhentheyarelegallyconsideredtobecompetentenoughtoprotecttheirownwelfare.29WorldHealthOrganization,2004Seehttp://www.who.int/entity/dietphysicalactivity/strategy/eb11344/strategy_english_web .pdf 30UKOfficeofCommunications(Ofcom)2007.Seehttp://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/consultations/foodads_new/statement/andseehttp://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20100927130941/http://food.gov.uk/healthiereating/advertisingtochildren/nutlab/nutprofmod31Seehttp://www.slv.se/en‐gb/Group1/Food‐and‐Nutrition/Keyhole‐symbol/32FederalTradesCommission(2011)InteragencyWorkingGroupSeeksInputonProposedVoluntaryPrinciples for MarketingFoodtoChildren.Seehttp://www.ftc.gov/opa/2011/04/foodmarket.shtm19Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyolderthanthisinor ... dertoavoidappealingtoyoungerages. A highstandard:Theageorlegalmajorityisdeterminedbylocallegislation.Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyabovetheminimumlegalage:anexampleisthebanontargetingalcoholicbeveragestopeopleunderage25requiredbyFacebookinIndiaandSweden.33 For foodandbeverages,theUKOfcomregulationsapplyduringtelevisionprogrammeswhichappealtochildrenunderage16.Standard3:Mediaused for marketingmessagesIssue:Childrenhaveaccessto a widerangeofmedia.Inaddition,cross‐bordermediaservicesarenoteasilycontrolledbythejurisdictionintheterritorywherethemessageisreceived.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansincludingallmediawhichcarrymarketingmessagesaswellasthosewhichcrossnationalborders(e.g.Internet,satelliteandcableTV,andexportedTVprogrammes,films,games,toysandotherproducts).Foodpackaging,formulationandpresentationareincluded,asaresponsoredsportseventsandproductplacements. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachassumesallmediaunlessspecificallyexempted.Mediabroadcastacrossseveraltimezonesshouldbeassumedtoreachchildrenandadolescents.ExamplesfromothersectorsincludeFacebook,whichprohibitstobaccoandgamblingmarketingandrestrictsalcoholmarketing.34 For tobacco,theFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlprovides a comprehensivedefinition:‘allformsofcommercialcommunication,recommendationoractionandanyformofcontributiontoanevent,activityorindividual’.35Standard4:MarketingmethodsIssue:Mostmarketingworksbelowconsciousawareness,andchildreninparticularmaybevulnerabletomarketingmessagesofspecialappealtothem.Manymarketingmethodsfalloutsidecurrentadvertisingregulations.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansexcludingtechniqueswithspecialappealtochildrenandadolescents.Thisincludestheuseofcartooncharacters,animation,celebrities,sportspersonalities,andthecolouring,shapinganddesignofproductsandpackaginglikelytohave a particularappealtochildrenandadolescents. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachacknowledgesthatchildrenandadolescentsareexposedtomanymarketingmessages,includingthosedesignedtoattractthemandthosedesignedtotargetnon‐childaudiences. For tobacco,theFrameworkConvention36coversactionswhichhavethe‘aim,effect,orlikelyeffectofpromoting a tobaccoproductor33http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/10/08/alcohol‐advertisement‐guidelines/34http://www.facebook.com/ad_guidelines.php35http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13 .pdf 36http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13 .pdf 20tobaccouseeitherdirectlyorindirectly’.Itspecifiesall‘advertising,promotionandsponsorship’. For breast‐milksubstitutes,the International Code37specifiesthatcontrolsapplyto‘productpromotion,distribution,selling,advertising,productpublicrelations,andinformationservices’.Thesephrasescanbeadaptedwiththeadditionof‘abletoinfluence a child’.Standard5:UseofbrandsIssue:Productsandmediamaycarry a brandidentity for a companylinkedtofoodorbeverageproductswithoutspecifying a foodorbeverageorgivinganexplicitmarketingmessage.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansbrandswithrecognisablelinkstofoodandbeverageproductsneedtobetreatedasiftheywerepromotingthefoodorbeveragetowhichtheyareassociated. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachrestrictstheuseofbrandpromotionlikelytoinfluencechildrenwhenthatbrandhas a recognisableassociationwithfoodanddrinkproductssubjecttomarketingrestrictions.Wherebrandslinktomultipleproducts,theassumptionshouldbethatthebrandispromotingthemostfamiliarorhighestsellingofitsproducts.ProposalsfromtheAustralianObesityPolicyCoalitionsuggestthatbrandsshouldberestrictedunlesstheyarebeingusedin a promotion for a healthyfoodproductorrange.38‘Brand’meansthenameof a foodorbeverageproductorrangeofproducts,orthemanufacturerordistributorthereof,oranyotherwords,designsorimagesthatarecloselyassociatedwithsuchproducts.Standard6:SettingsandlocationsIssue:Authorities responsible for standardswherechildrenaregathered,suchasschoolsandchildcarefacilities,have a dutytoensurethatnothingprejudices a child’swellbeing.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansthatallsettingswherechildrengathershouldbefreefromthepromotionofspecifiedfoodandbeverages,includingbrands,logos,vouchersandgiftsassociatedwithsuchproducts. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachavoidstheneedtospecifyeverypossiblesetting.TheWHORecommendationsstate“settingsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,nurseries,schools,schoolgroundsandpre‐schoolcentres,playgrounds,familyandchildclinicsandpaediatricservices,andduringanysportingandculturalactivitiesthatareheldonthesepremises”.39 For alcohol,theCityofSanDiego,California,adoptedanordinanceinOctober2000whichprohibitsadvertisingalcoholonanybillboardwithin1,000feetofany37http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english .pdf 38http://www.opc.org.au/downloads/positionpapers/Protecting‐children‐email1_FINAL_13.04.11 .pdf 39http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/marketing‐food‐to‐children/en/index.html21school,playground,recreationcentreorfacility,childcarecentre,arcade,orlibrary.40Therearealsomanyexamplesoflocation‐basedtobaccocontrols.41Standard7:AccountabilityIssue:Marketingmessagesareproducedanddistributedbydiversestakeholdersincludingfoodproducers,manufacturers,importersorsellers,advertisingagencies,mediacompanies,mediadistributorsandretailers,webcontenthosts,webaccessprovidersandwebsearchengines.Proposal:Riskreductionrequiresthat a dutyofcareandattentiontotheprotectionofchildrenandadolescentsshouldbeexercisedbyallpartiesinthedisseminationofmarketingmessages. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachwouldholdallpartiesinvolvedinconveying a marketingmessagetobeaccountable. For sponsorshipmediathisincludessportseventhosts. For promotionaltechniquesembodiedin a foodproductthisincludesimporters,retailersandcaterers.Cross‐bordermarketingstandardsneedtobeenforceablethrough international agreementswithsanctions.Examplesofpossiblestandard‐settingmechanismsincludeWHOhealthregulations,ISOstandardsandCodexAlimentariusstandards.40http:/ /business. highbeam.com/410209/article‐1G1‐204543912/alcohol‐advertising‐billboards‐transit‐shelters‐and41http://tobaccodocuments.org/women/2080811374‐1392.html.22AppendixWorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsontheMarketingofFoodsandNon‐alcoholicBeveragestoChildren42...

... extracted from plasma membranes and membranepellets were then analyzed by SDS/PAGE and autoradio-graphy. Figure 5 shows that after incubation with labelledMSSAE, membranes contained radioactive ... Chimica Biologica and2Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare ‘L. Califano’,Universita`di Napoli, ItalyThe dimeric structure of seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase)is maintained ... Autoradiography of SDS/PAGE runs of the labelled monomericderivative of BS-RNase125I-labelled MSSAE incubated with plasmamembranes (PM) from SVT2 cells. Lane 1, plasma membranes treatedfor...