... (e.g., Lisp andProlog), many recent languages (e.g., Ruby and Python), and the languagesassociated with several scientific programming tools (e.g., MATLAB1andMathematica2) have these facilities. ... directions and applications. Things continue to change rapidly in genetic programming as investigators and practitionersdiscover new methods and applications. This makes it impossible to coverall aspects ... automatic garbage collection and dynamic lists as fundamental datatypes make it easier to implement expression trees and the necessary GPoperations. Most traditional languages used in AI research (e.g.,...