... long attempted to regulate land-based marine pollution – initiallythrough the 1974 Paris Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution fromLand-Based Sources,71 and more recently through ... Waters (Polar Code), aimed atharmonising standards and rules for polar shipping.79Both Article 234 and thePolar Code process have originated in initiatives of several key Arctic states, and, although ... operating in polar waters.The existing global standards for land-based marine pollution, however,anticipate that states will seek to deal with the problem at the regional and sub-regional levels....