... approaches.1.1 Model Space and Data SpaceLet S be the physical system under study. For instance, S can be a galaxy for an astro-physicist, Earth for a geophysicist, or a quantum particle for a quantum physicist.The ... (at right in equation (1.40)) for the conjunction of prob-ability distributions, it is quite easy to find an expression for (P ∧ MB) . For the givenB ⊆ X , and for any A ⊆ X , one finds(P ∧ ... from those used, for instance, byLaplace in 1799, who introduced the ‘least-absolute-values’ and the ‘minimax’ criteria for obtaining the best solution, or by Legendre in 1801 and Gauss in 1809,...