... distributed random vari-able, with mean equal to the population mean, and variance to be estimated by the model. Stated dif-ferently, a random effect allows us to add a factor to the model for ... treated as single words. Thus, the start and endtimes for a contraction in the forced alignment correspond to two words in the alignments used for scoring, and it is not clear how to assign prosodic ... include yup, yep, yes, buy, then, than, and r., allof which are acoustically similar to each other or to other high-frequency words, as well as the words af-ter, since, now, and though, which occur...