Tài liệu Trends in the Expenses and Fees of Mutual Funds, 2011 ppt

... examines recent trends in the expenses and fees of mutual funds. Expense ratios of equity, bond, and hybrid funds declined in 2011 owing to declines in the expense ratios of individual funds, ... Collins, Sean, and Emily Gallagher, 2012. Trends in the Expenses and Fees of Mutual Funds, 2011. ” ICI Research Perspective 18, no. 2 (April). Trends in the Expenses and Fees of Mutual Funds, ... percent increase in assets in 2011 versus only a 1 percent increase in 2010, helping to explain why average expenses of all bond funds declined in 2011 but held steady in 2010.Index FundsAnother...

Tài liệu Trends in the Fees and expenses of Mutual Funds, 2010 pptx

... Trends in the Fees and Expenses of Mutual Funds, 2010KEY FINDINGS »On average, fees and expenses incurred by investors in long-term mutual funds declined in 2010. Stock fund investors in ... Senior Director of Industry and Financial Analysis, prepared this report.Suggested citation: Breuer, Michael, and Sean Collins. 2011. Trends in the Fees and Expenses of Mutual Funds, 2010.” ... points of the 11 basis-point decline in the average expense ratio of funds of funds over the period (labeled in Figure 13 as “Fall in expense ratios of individual funds”). By definition, the...

Tài liệu recent trends in the law and policy of bioenergy production promotion and use docx

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Tài liệu Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture - Phần 1 pptx

... Whereas in the 1970s the production of farmed marine finfish and shrimp relied almost exclusively on the capture of wild fry for subsequent stocking and on-growing in ponds, tanks or cages, the ... presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal ... for the cultivation of the major types of live food commonly used in larviculture, as well as their application potential in terms of their nutritional and physical properties and feeding methods....

Tài liệu Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture - Phần 2 doc

... According to the algal concentration, the volume of the inoculum which generally corresponds with the volume of the preceding stage in the upscaling process, amounts to 2-10% of the final culture ... the advantage of allowing control of the quality of the cultures. The major difficulty in microscopic counts is reproducibility, which is a function of the sampling, diluting, and filling of ... of the food chain in the marine environment. Therefore, micro-algae are indispensable in the commercial rearing of various species of marine animals as a food source for all growth stages of...

Tài liệu Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture - Phần 3 ppt

... shape of the lorica and the profile of the spines and ornaments allow the determination of the different species and morphotypes (see 3.4.). The rotifer’s body is differentiated inTO three distinct ... big and in these instances the rotifer should be disinfected at sublethal doses; the water of the rotifers being completely renewed and the rotifers treated with either antibiotics or disinfectants. ... strategy consists of either the maintenance of a constant culture volume with an increasing rotifer density or the maintenance of a constant rotifer density by increasing the culture volume...

Tài liệu Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture - Phần 4 pptx

... now being developed for oral delivery of vitamins, chemotherapeutics and vaccines. Furthermore, a better knowledge of the biology of Artemia was at the origin of the development of other Artemia ... strains and within batches of each strain, causing unreliable outputs in marine larviculture. Through multidisciplinary studies in the eighties both the causes for the nutritional variability in ... improve the lipid profile of deficient Artemia strains, taking advantage of the indiscriminate filter-feeding behaviour of Artemia. Applying simple methods lipophilic compounds can be easily incorporated...

Tài liệu Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture - Phần 5 docx

... function of the tank size and the density of cysts incubated. Excessive foaming can be reduced by disinfection of the cysts prior to hatching incubation and/ or by the addition of a few drops of a ... performed when the cysts are spherical), removal of the brown shell in a hypochlorite solution, and washing and deactivation of the remaining hypochlorite (see worksheets 4.2.4. and 4.2.5.). These decapsulated ... stopped. However, the effect of more extreme temperatures on the hatching output is largely strain specific. The quantitative effects of the incubation salinity on cyst hatching are in the first place...

Tài liệu Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture - Phần 6 docx

... first feeding, and opening of the alimentary tract (instar II stage). Furthermore, size increase during enrichment will be minimal: Artemia enriched according to other procedures reaching > ... control The incidence of microbial diseases has increased dramatically along with the degree of intensification in the larval production of aquaculture species. Treating microbial infections in ... and has generally resulted in increased survival and reduced variability in fish hatchery production. The latter is particularly important since it was the missing link in the development of...

Tài liệu Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture - Phần 7 pptx

... filtration rate, ingestion rate and/ or assimilation: including the quality and quantity of the food offered, the developmental stage of the larvae, and the culture conditions. More detailed information ... and then allowing the feed particles to settle by cutting off the aeration for another half an hour. Dissolved materials will foam off or remain in the water fraction which can be drained off ... super-intensive tank production systems of brine shrimp in or near the aquaculture farm have resulted in increased interest for Artemia biomass during the last decade. In China, several thousand...

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