... concept for learners of various alphabetic languages (Jared et al., 1990; Ziegler and Goswami, 2005) and of Chi-nese, e.g., (Lee et al., 2005), and is important for both young readers (Ho and ... letters denote the basic elements of Chinese char-acters. For instance, “WG” stands for “田土”, which are the upper and the lower parts of “里”, “WL” stands for “田中”, which could be used to rebuild ... and 6) and (2) speed level: the duration between the monsters’ popping up and going down. The characters for lower, middle, and upper classes vary in terms of frequency and complexity of the...