A) 2 loai tnJng: A B D va abd.
B) 4 loai triJng la: ABD, Abd, AbD, Abd.
; C) 8 loai trtfng la: A B D , Abd, AbD, Abd, aBD, aBd, abD, abd.
D) Cho mot loai trtfng chia lam 8 trU'dng hOp tren.
Bai 3: Cap NST trfdng dong thu" nhat c6 NST c6 nguon goc tit ho va chtfa cac
gen theo trat tiT ABCDE. CSp NST c6 nguon goc tif me chu'a cac gen ttfdng iJng theo trat ttf abcde. Cap NST tifdng dong thu" hai, c6 NST c6 nguon goc tiJf bd chu'a cac gen theo trat tif FGHIK, NST c6 nguon gd^c ttj" bo'chu'a cac gen theo trat tir fghik.
1. Stf giam phan cua tebao sinh due chu'a 2 cap NST tu'dng dong do c6 the c6 giao tuT: giao tuT:
A) Chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik.
B) Chu'a NST Abcde va fghik.
C) Chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik hoSc chu'a NST BCDE va fghik.
D) Co the xay ra ta't ca cac trtfdng hdp tren.
(7>MV>ngA(;/7/l:Cacgenlienkethoantoan.
Trudng hap B: Cac gen lien ket khong hoan toan.
Trudng hap C: Dot bien dao doan, hoac dot bien ma't doan)
2. TrU'dng hdp A con c6 the cho nhffng loai tinh trung nao khac?
A ) Chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik. B) Chu'a NST abcde va FGHIK.
C) Khong CO giao tuf nao khac. D) Ca A va B.
3. TrU'dng hdp B, kha nang con c6 the cho nhfJug loai giao tuf nao khac:/* J • ^ A ) Chu'a NST ABCDE va FGHIK hoac chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik. ^ A ) Chu'a NST ABCDE va FGHIK hoac chu'a NST ABCDE va fghik.
B) Chu'a NST abcde va FGHIK hoac chu'a NST abcde va fghik.
C) Chu'a NST Abcde va FGHIK hoac chu'a NST abCDE va FGHIK hoSc chu'a ' NST abCDE va fghik. ' NST abCDE va fghik.
D) Tat ca cac trirdng hdp A, B va C.
4. TrU'dng hdp C, kha nang con c6 the cho nhi?ng loai giao tijr nao khac:
A) Chu'a NST ABCDE va FGHIK. B) Chtfa NST abcde va FGHIK. C) Chu'a NST abcde va fghik. D) Tat ca cac trirdng hdp A, B va C. C) Chu'a NST abcde va fghik. D) Tat ca cac trirdng hdp A, B va C.
5. Trirdng hdp D, kha nang con c6 the cho nhiTng loai giao tuT nao khac:
A ) Chu'a NST BCDE va FGHIK. B) Chu'a NST abcde va FGHIK. C) Chu'a NST abcde va fghik. D) Tat ca cac trirdng hdp A, B va C. C) Chu'a NST abcde va fghik. D) Tat ca cac trirdng hdp A, B va C.
Cty TNHH MTV D W H Khang Vigt
pai 4: Khi NST so 21 cua mot te bao triJng d ngtfdi khong phan l i Ian mot trong
giam phan, ket qua n^o sau day khong diing? '
A) Co the tao ra triJug khong c6 NST sd21 hoac trtfng c6 2 NST sd21.
I B) Co the tao ra tnJng khong CO NST sd21. C ) C 6 t h e taoratru'ngkh6ngc6 2 N S T s d 2 1 . C ) C 6 t h e taoratru'ngkh6ngc6 2 N S T s d 2 1 .
I D) Co the tao ra triTng binh thiTdng (c6 1 NST so 21).
Ghichii: - ^
I Hoc sinh thiTdng nham Ian ve sd loai giao tuT du'dc hinh thanh qua nhieu Ian giam phan cua te bao sinh due (ttfc la sd loai giao tuT c6 kha nang sinh san cua giam phan cua te bao sinh due (ttfc la sd loai giao tuT c6 kha nang sinh san cua loai) vdi so' loai giao tuf thifc te tijf mot te bao sinh due sinh ra qua giam phan.
Vidu:
Kieu gen = ^ qua giam phan cho 4 loai giao tuT la AB, Ab, aB, ab. a b
A B
Nhiftig tir mot te bao sinh due c6 kieu gen = = qua giam phan chi c6 2 loai a b
giao tu': ,,•
Tmyng hap 1: Cho giao tiJf AB va ab. Trudng hap 2: Cho giao tuT Ab va aB.
Mot te bao sinh due cai qua giam phan chi tao thanh 1 triJug. Cho nen tren thiTc te chi c6 the cho mot loai triJng.
Vidu:
I Mot tebao sinh due cai c6 kieu gen = ^ = se c6 kha nang cho 8 loai giao ' ' a b d ' ' a b d tuf la: A B D , AbD, aBD, abD, Abd, Abd, aBd, abd.
Nhirng tren thirc te chi cho mot loai triJng trong 8 loai giao tuf tren.
Trong bai 4: Khi hoc ve cd che hinh thanh the di boi, hoc sinh dufdc biet la do qua trmh giam phan cap 21 khong phan li nen tao ra 2 loai giao tuf: Mot loai giao tuf CO ca 2 NST so 21 va mot loai giao tuf khong c6 NST sd 21. V i vay, hoc sinh raft de nham Ian khi lam bai 4, cho rang triTdng hdp D la dung. Nhirng tren thiTc td'la khong dung v i mot tebao sinh due cai qua giam phan chi cho 1 triJng.
DAP AN
I . D 2.1. B 2.2. D 3.1.D 3.2. D 3.3. D 3.4. D 3.5. D 4. A
dm nang tij On vS luy$n thi Siiih hgc - Phung Duy £)6ng
ChiTcfng 2.
C O C H f e B l f e N D I I . T O M T A T N O I D U N G
Ve mat di truyen ngiTdi ta chia bien di thanh hai loai la bien di khong di truyen (thiTdng bien) va bien di di truyen (bien di to hdp, dot bien).
1. Thifcfng bie'n
a) Trong qua trinh kieu gen hinh thanh kieu hinh con chiu anh hurdng cua moi tru'dng. Hien tu'dng mot kieu gen co the phan iJng thanh nhi?ng kieu gen moi tru'dng. Hien tu'dng mot kieu gen co the phan iJng thanh nhi?ng kieu gen khac nhau trong nhiyng moi tru'dng khac nhau duTdc goi la su" mem deo kieu hinh (thi/dng bien). Do mem deo cua mot kieu gen di/dc xac dinh bang so' kieu hinh
CO the C O cua kieu gen d6. Sir mem deo c6 diTdc la do c6 su" tuT dieu chinh cua cd
the de thich nghi vdi su" thay doi cua moi triTdng.
b) M o i kieu gen chi c6 the dieu chinh kieu hinh cua minh trong pham vi nhat dinh goi la mufc phan iJng cua kieu gen. MiJc phan iJng do kieu gen quy djnh. dinh goi la mufc phan iJng cua kieu gen. MiJc phan iJng do kieu gen quy djnh. kieu hinh la ket qua tu"dng tac gii?a kieu gen ydi moi triTdng, moi triTdng quy dinh kieu hinh cu the cua kieu gen trong miJc phan iJng.
c) Thirdng bien khong di truyen, nhu^ng nhd no cd the c6 kha nang thich i^ng vdi nhifng bien doi cua moi tru'dng trong mot gidi han nhat dinh. Trong san xuat vdi nhifng bien doi cua moi tru'dng trong mot gidi han nhat dinh. Trong san xuat ngufdi ta da van dung siT mem deo kieu hinh de tang nang suat vat nuoi, cay trong b^ng ki thuat san xuat hdp li. ThiTdng bien con c6 vai tro gian tiep cung cap nguyen lieu cho qua trinh tie'n hoa.
2. Big'n dj to h(;p ^
a) Bien di to hdp la sir to hdp lai vat cha't di truyen cua bo me qua qua trinh sinh san hiJu tinh. Chung phat sinh do cd che phan l i doc lap, to hdp tu" do cua sinh san hiJu tinh. Chung phat sinh do cd che phan l i doc lap, to hdp tu" do cua cdc cap NST tirdng dong (xay ra trong giam phan va thu tinh) v^ do cd che hoan vi gen (xay ra trong qua trinh trao doi doan).
b) Dot bic'n gen la nguyen lieu sd cap, qua giao pho'i da tao ra v6 so bien di to hdp la nguon nguyen lieu thi? cap cua qua trinh tien hoa va chon giong. to hdp la nguon nguyen lieu thi? cap cua qua trinh tien hoa va chon giong.
3. Dot bien
Dot bien la nhffng bien doi trong vat chat di truyen (gen NST). The dot bien la ca the mang dot bien da bieu hien tren kieu hinh cua cd the.
3.1. DQt bien gen
a) Dot bien gen la nhffng bien doi trong cau true cua gen thffdng lien quan den mot cSp nucleotit (dot bien diem) nhiT: ma't, them, thay the 1 cap nuclcotil. den mot cSp nucleotit (dot bien diem) nhiT: ma't, them, thay the 1 cap nuclcotil. tao ra cdc alen mdi, lam thay doi tan so alen va thanh phan kieu gen cua quan the. Nhffng tan so dot bien doi vdi moi gen rat tha'p (tff 10"^ - lO"*) ncn toe do thay doi raft cham.
Vai tro chu yeu cua dot bien gen la tao ra nguon nguyen lieu sd cap chu yev
cho qua trinh tie'n hoa va chon giong.
Pf|^ Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vigt
b) Dot bie'n gen phat sinh luc A D N nhan doi va dffdc tai ban qua cd che' tff ^hSn doi cua A D N : Cac tac nhan gay dot bie'n d trong hoac ngoai cd the (tac ^hSn doi cua A D N : Cac tac nhan gay dot bie'n d trong hoac ngoai cd the (tac nhSn l i , hoa, bazd dang hiem, virut,,..) hoac cac roi loan sinh l i , sinh hoa trong te
j5^o da lam bie'n doi cau true cua gen dan de'n sai lech khung doc ma di truyen,
hoac lam roi loan qua trinh tff nhan doi cua A D N dan tdi cap doi nham ( V i du:
5 B U - A), lien ket sai ( V i du: 2 Timin trong cung mot mach A D N lien ket vdi
nhau), tao ra cac dang tien dot bie'n. Cac dang t i l n dot bie'n nay c6 the dffdc cac enzim sffa chffa hoac tiep tuc nhan doi theo mau lap sai, lam phat sinh dot bie'n gen. Ngoai ra, tac nhan gay dot bie'n c6 the lam cd che phien ma bi nham Ian dS'n sai sot trong ban phien.
c) Dot bie'n lam thay doi cau true cua gen d i n den thay doi cau true cua protein, lam thay doi chffc nang cua no. Hau qua phu thuoc vao loai dot bie'n, protein, lam thay doi chffc nang cua no. Hau qua phu thuoc vao loai dot bie'n, vao vi tri xay ra dot bie'n, vao sff thay doi chffc nang cua protein, vao sff to hdp gen va dieu kien moi trffdng (gia tri thich nghi cua mot dot bie'n c6 the thay doi
t&y to hdp gen va dieu kien moi trffdng). ;• d) Bieu hien cua dot bie'n gen:
+ Dot bie'n giao tuT qua thu tinh di vao mot hdp tff. Neu la dot bien troi se dffdc bieu hien ngay, neu la dot bien Ian thi khong bieu hien ngay (vi bi gen troi tffdng ffng la'n at) qua giao phoi dot bie'n Ian dffdc Ian rong trong quan the. Khi gap to hdp dong hdp thi no mdi bieu hien thanh kieu hinh.
+ Dot bien tien phoi dffdc bieu hien ngay tren kieu hinh cua cd the mang dot bie'n do.
+ Dot bie'n xoma, neu la dot bie'n troi se bieu hien d mot phan cd the tao nen
the kham. in u;'/r HHi:j'i r;
+ Trong qua trinh kieu gen dot bie'n hinh thanh kieu hinh con chiu sff tffdng tdc gen va chiu anh hffdng cua moi trffdng.
3.2. DQt bien cau triic NST
a) Dot bie'n cau true NST la nhffng bien doi trong cau true cua NST, thffdng lien quan den mot doan NST nao do bi mat, dao, lap, hoac chuyen vi tri dan den lien quan den mot doan NST nao do bi mat, dao, lap, hoac chuyen vi tri dan den letm hong cac gen, lam mat can bkng gen va tai cau true lai cac gen tren NST nen thffdng c6 hai cho t h i dot bie'n. Tuy vay, chung cung gop phan tao nen nguyen lieu cho qua trinh tie'n hoa va dffdc ffng dung de loai bo gen xau, chuyen gen (tff NST nay sang NST khac hodc loai nay sang loai khac), xac dinh vi tri cfia gen tren NST, lam tang cffcfng hodc bat boat gen,...
b) Dot bien cau true NST phat sinh luc NST nhan doi, do cac tac nhan gay 30t bie'n lam cho NST bi dfft, gay (doan bi dfft c6 the mat, dao, chuyen) hoac lam 30t bie'n lam cho NST bi dfft, gay (doan bi dfft c6 the mat, dao, chuyen) hoac lam cho NST trao doi doan khong can (dan den lap doan).
C^m nang ti; an va luygn thi Sinh hoc - Phung Duy DS'ng
3.3. Bgt bien so'lMng NST (lech bgi, da boi) * Dot bien lech boi (dl hoi) * Dot bien lech boi (dl hoi)
a) Dot bien lech boi la bien doi so lU'Ong xay ra d mot hay mot so cap NST
srctng dong. O sinh vat \\idng boi c6 cac dang chinh nhiT:" the khong (2n - 2), thg
.ot (2n - 1), the mot kep (2n - 1 - 1), the ba (2n + 1), the ba kep (2n + 1+ 1), ihe boo (2n + 2), the bon kep (2n + 2 + 2).
Hj b) Dot bien lech boi phat sinh liic NST phan li, do tac nhan dot bien lam cho
mot hoac mot so NST khong phan h:
+ Trong giam phan: Tao ra giao tu* thiTa hoSc thieu mot vai NST roi qua thu tinh tao thanh cac the lech boi:
Vidu: ( n + I ) x n - > 2 n + 1 (theba)
(n + 1) X (n + 1) -> 2n + 2 (the bon) hoac 2n + 1 + 1 (the ba kep).
+ Trong nguyen phan: tao thanh te bao lech boi, hinh thanh the kham. c) Dot bien lech boi lam mat can b3ng cua toan bo he gen nen cac the lech boi khong song dU'cfc, hoac giam siJc song, giam kha nang sinh san tiiy loai. Tuy . vay, dot bien lech boi cQng gop phan cung cap nguyen heu cho qua trinh tien
hoa va dtfcfc iJng dung de xac dinh vi tri cua cac gen tren NST.
* Dot bien da hoi (tvC da boi, df da boi)
a) Dot bien da boi la bien doi lam tang mot so Ian bo NST ddn boi (n) cua loai va Idn hdn 2n. Te bao da boi c6 so liTcfng ADN tang gap boi, nen qua trinh sinh tong hdp cac chat hffu cd xay ra manh me. Vi vay cd the da boi c6 te'bao to, cd quan sinh diTdng Idn, sinh tru'dng va phat trien khoe, chohg chiu to't.
Cac the da boi le hau nhiT khong c6 kha nang sinh giao tuT binh thiTdng, tao ra qui khong hat. Dot bien da boi c6 vai tr6 rat quan trong trong tien hoa, gdp phan hinh thanh loai mdi, chu ycu la cac loai thiTc vat cd hoa va ciing cd vai tro quan trong trong viec tao ra cac giong mdi.
b) Dot bien da boi phat sinh luc NST phan li, do cac tac nhan dot bien gay roi loan qua trinh phan li cua NST lam cho NST da nhan doi, nhifng khong phan li nen so lifdng NST tang gap doi:
+ Trong nguyen phan cua te b^o sinh diTdng se hinh thanh the kham tif da boi chfn, trong nguyen phan cua hdp tuf d nhffng Ian dau tien, trong khoang 2 - 8 te' bao se tao thanh the tif da boi chan.
+ Trong giam phan cua te bao sinh due se tao thanh cac giao tu' khong giam nhiem 2n, 3n, 4n roi qua thu tinh tao thanh cac the da boi chan hoac le.
Vi du: 2n X n -> 3n (the tam boi)
2n X 2n-> 4n (the tu" boi) . :
3n X 2n 5n (the ngij boi)...
Neu cdc giao tur thuoc ciing mot loai se tao thanh the tiJ boi, neu cac giao tijT thuoc 2 loai khac nhau se tao thanh the di da boi.
.•'•St • • . • •
Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t