(Các phó từ & liên từ nối)
Các phó từ và liên từ nối được dùng để liên kết các ý tưởng với nhau. Chúng thường diễn tả các mối quan hệ như sự tương phản (but, yet, nevertheless), mâu thuẩn (on the contrary), kết quả (consequently, as a result), thứ tự (firstly, secondly) vv...
22.1 Diễn tả một khía cạnh (aspect): Economically, environmently, from an architectural point of view...
Financially, the project will not be viable without government funding. (= Về mặt tài chính) As far as insurance is concerned, we will pay the cost of any repairs. (= Về mặt bảo hiểm)
22.2 Diễn tả mức độ (degree): Certainly, perhaps, maybe...
Basically, I agree with your proposals, but there are a few points we’d like to discuss further. (=Về cơ bản) Clearly, this will cost a lot more than we realized. (= Điều hiển nhiên [là])
22.3 Diễn tả sự bình phẩm hoặc ý kiến (comment/opinion): Luckily, surprisingly, hopefully, to (my) surprise,
frankly...
Fortunately, nobody was hurt in the accident. (= May làm sao)
Wisely the cashier didn’t argue with the gunman. (= Một cách khôn ngoan)
22.4 Diễn tả sự tương phản hoặc trái ngược (contrast/contradicting) : But, yet, however, nevertheless...
I know you don’t believe these stories. Nevertheless, they are all perfectly true. (= Tuy nhiên)
I have never been an enemy of monarchy; on the contrary, I consider monarchy essential for the wellbeing of new nations. (= Ngược lại)
22.5 Diễn tả sự bổ sung (adding) : Besides, what’s more, in addition, furthermore, moreover...
It’s dangerous to ride a motor-bike without a helmet. What’s more, it’s against the law. (= Hơn thế nữa)
The country was hit hard by the oil crisis. Moreover, its economy was already extremely weak. (= Hơn thế nữa)
22.6 Diễn tả kết quả (result) : So, as a result, consequently, thus, therefore...
More women are needed in employment. As a result, they have less time for their families. (= Kết quả là) The rocket was incorrectly assembled, and consequently it crashed. (= Kết quả là)
22.7 Diễn tả thứ tự (ordering) : Firstly, secondly, finally, in the end, in conclusion...
Of course the man is guilty. Firstly, he had a motive, and secondly, his fingerprints were on the gun.
In conclusion, I’d to say a few words about the future prospects of the plan. (= Để kết thúc)
NHỮNG LỖI THƯỜNG PHẠMDùng từ nối không phù hợp: Dùng từ nối không phù hợp:
*The fire destroyed thousands of home. Moreover, only six people lost their lives. [Phải viết: “.... However, only six people lost their lives]
*It hasn’t rained for ages, nevertheless the ground is very dry. [Phải viết: “.... so/consequently the ground is very dry.”]
Dùng sai từ :
*I’m too tired to go for a walk. Beside, it looks like rain. [Phải viết “...Besides, it looks like rain.”]
*Police have made several inquiries, and in addition to the murdered man’s family have appealed to the public for information.