ẹãy laứ ủoọng tửứ nguyẽn theồ khõng ủi keứm vụựi to (infinitive without to) vaứ ủửụùc sửỷ dúng trong caực trửụứng hụùp sau :
1/ Duứng sau caực ủoọng tửứ khieỏm khuyeỏt (Modal verbs) nhử: can, could, may, might, must, ought to…
- You may go now.
- They must finish the work by now.
2/ Duứng sau caực ủoọng tửứ : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP…
- I helped the child tidy his desk. - He had a painter paint the gate.
- They let him enter the room without a ticket. - My parents make me go to bed early.
3/ Duứng sau BUT, EXCEPT vụựi nghúa “ngoái trửứ”
- Why don’t you do anything but complain?
- She agreed to do everything but help him with the homework.
4/ Duứng sau caực ủoọng tửứ chổ giaực quan nhử : see, watch, hear, notice, observe, spot…
- We heard them sing all morning. - He saw the thief enter the hall.
Chuự yự : nhử ta ủaừ bieỏt hieọn tái phãn tửứ (present participle) coự theồ ủửụùc duứng cho caực ủoọng tửứ trẽn ủeồ
dieĩn ta
haứnh ủoọng ủang tieỏp dieĩn. Coứn ủoọng tửứ nguyẽn theồ duứng trong trửụứng hụùp naứy chổ haứnh ủoọng ủaừ hoaứn taỏt.
- I watched them playing football for a while. (traọn ủaỏu vaĩn ủang tieỏp dieĩn) - I watched them play football yesterday afternoon. (xem toaứn boọ traọn ủaỏu)
USEFUL STRUCTURES (Các cấu trúc câu quan trọng)
A. Grammar :
1. It’s/ was + S + that + Predicate : Chính... mà...
eg. Smoking causes lung cancer.
My sister gave me a computer on my birthday.
- It was my sister that gave gave me a computer on my birthday
2. It’s + Adj + for somebody + to infi. = To infi. + be + Adj. = Ving + be + Adj. = Ving + be + Adj.
eg. It’s difficult for me to learn Russian. = To learn Russian is difficult.
= Learning Russian is difficult.
It’s not easy to speak English perfectly. = To speak English perfectly is not easy.
3. It’s/ was possible/ impossible for somebody to infi. = S + be + possible/ impossible + to infi. = S + be + possible/ impossible + to infi.
eg. It’s impossible for us to finish the long test on time.
= We’re impossible to finish the long test on time.
4. It takes/ took/ will take + Sb + time + to infi. = S + spend/ spent/ will spend + time + Ving. = S + spend/ spent/ will spend + time + Ving.
eg. It takes me 30 minutes to cook dinner. = I spend 30 minutes cooking dinner.
5. S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known ...+ that + clause.
= S + be + said/ thought/ believed/ known... to infi./ to have + Vpp.
eg. It’s said that the earth is round. = The earth is said to be round.
6. It’s likely that + clause (will): cĩ thể
eg. It’s likely that man will conque nature.
7. S + used to + V (ủaừ tửứng…) chổ moọt thoựi quen ụỷ quaự khửự
eg. I used to cry when I was a child.
- S + use st + to V. Sử dụng cái gỡ để làm gỡ eg. I use a dictionary to look up the meaning of words.
- S + be/ get used to + Ving. (quen vụựi…) tửụng đương vụựi Be accustomed to
8. Had better + (not) + to V : nên, khơng nên làm gì
eg. You had better get up early and do morning exercises.
He’d better not smoke cigarettes.
9. Would rather + do st than + do st. Thích làm việc gì hơn việc gì
= Prefer doing st to doing st/ (prefer N to N).
eg. I’d rather stay at home than go out. = I prefer staying at home to going out.
I prefer films to books.
10. Phrases and clauses of purpose. (Cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ mục đích)a. Phrases of purpose: a. Phrases of purpose:
- Nếu muốn diễn tả mục đích khẳng định ta dùng: * to infinitive
* in order to/ so as to + V. (để mà)
eg. They try to study to pass their next exam. They try to study in order to pass their exam - Nếu muốn diễn tả mục đích phủ định ta dùng: so as not to, in order not to.
eg. They study hard so as not to fail the exam. I got up early in order not to miss the train.
b. Clauses of purpose (Adverbial clauses of purpose)
S + V + so that/ in order that/ for fear that/ in case + S + will/ would + V
(MĐ chính) can/ could/ should
may/ might ( MĐ trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích)
eg. I try to study so that I can pass the exam. I try to learn English in order that I can find a good job. - I am telling you th is for fear that you should make a mistake.
- We had better take an umbrella in case it would rain.
Note: Nếu chủ ngữ của MĐ chính và MĐ chỉ mục đích khác nhau ta khơng dùng Phrases of purpose.
c. Adverb clause of reason
BECAUSE + Clause
AS/ SINCE/ FOR (bụỷi vỡ…) giụựi thieọu meọnh ủề tráng tửứ chổ nguyẽn do - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill.
- Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off.
-As he was tired he sat down
- Since we have no money we can’t buy it.
- For they were too busy, they didn’t want to go out with me.
BECAUSE OF + Phrase (bụỷi vỡ…) duứng cúm tửứ hoaởc danh tửứ sau because of (preposition)
- Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off.
11. Phrases and clauses of result.a. Phrases of result: a. Phrases of result:
* TOO…TO : (quá ... khơng thể).
S + be/ get/ look/ seem/ become...+ too + Adj +(for O) + to infi. S + V (thờng) + too + Adv +(for O) + to infi. eg. This coffee is too hot for me to drink.
He runs too slowly to catch the bus.
* ENOUGH…TO: (đủ...để cĩ thể).
S + be + Adj + enough (for O) + to infi.
S + V (thờng) + Adv + enough (for O) + to infi. eg. He’s intelligent enough to get good marks.
They speak slowly enough to understand.
b. Clauses of result:
* SO... THAT: (quá ... đến nỗi).
S + be/ look/ seem/ smell/ taste/ feel... + so +Adj + that + S + V.
( Main clause) (Adverbial clause of result) S + V (thờng) + so + adv + that + S + V.
eg. It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
- Nếu trớc ‘SO’ cĩ ‘ MANY, MUCH, FEW, LITTLE’ thì ta dùng cấu trúc: S + V + so +many/ few + plural count. N + that + S + V.
eg. There are so many people in the room that I feel tired. S + V + so much/ little + uncount. N + that + S + V.
eg. He spent so much money in his holiday that he runs out of money now.
* SUCH ... THAT: (quá ... đến nỗi).
S + V + such a/ an + Adj + N + that + S + V.
eg. It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home.
He is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him.
12. It’s time/ It’s high time (đã tới lúc mà một việc nên đợc làm ngay).
a. Followed by past tense with present meaning:
It’s time + S + Ved (be - were).- past subjunctive. It’s high time
eg. It’s time we went home.
b. Followed by infi. - It’s time + (for + O) + to Infi. It’s high time + S + Ved
eg. It’s time for her to go to bed =It’s high time she went to bed
13. Clauses after Would rather: (mong muốn rằng).
a. Mong muốn ở tơng lai: S + would rather ( that) + S (not) + V bare infi. eg. I’d rather (that) you not call me tomorrow.
I’d rather (that) she be here tomorrow.
b. Mong muốn ở hiện tại( trái với thực tế, khơng cĩ thật). S + would rather (that) + S + V past subjunctive. eg. I’d rather the weather were fine today.
Nam’d rather (that) his girlfriend worked in the same office as he does.
c. Mong muốn ở quá khứ : ( trái với thực tế, khơng cĩ thật). S + would rather (that) + S + V past perfect subjunctive.
eg. John would rather (that) Marry had gone to school yesterday.
* Cách sử dụng một số từ loại
I. Đại từ bất định: gồm cĩ các nhĩm sau. 1. Some : somebody, someone, something
- đợc dùng trong câu khẳng định và đi với động từ số ít.
eg. There is somebody at the door./ I’ve got something in my bag.
- đợc dùng khi muốn ‘mời’ hay ‘yêu cầu’ điều gì. Would you like something to drink? 2. Any : anybody, anyone, anything
- đợc dùng trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn
eg. Is there anybody in the room? / I’m very tired now. I don’t want to eat anything. - đợc dùng trong mệnh đề ‘If’. If anyone has any questions, I’ll pleased to answer them.
3. No : nobody, noone, nothing( =not anyone, anybody, anything).
- đợc dùng trong câu khẳng định nhng mang nghĩa phủ định, cĩ thể đứng đầu câu hoặc đứng một mình. eg. ‘What did you say?’ ‘Nothing’.
- đợc dùng với động từ ở hình thức số ít.
eg.The house is empty.There is nobody living there. - Sau nobody, noone cĩ thể dùng ‘ they, them, their’.