Mệnh đề quan hệ bắt đầu bằng 1 trong các đại từ quan hệ như:
• Who, whom nếu chủ từ của nó là người.
• Which nếu chủ từ của nó là vật.
• That có thể dùng để thay thế cho các trường hợp trên (who, whom, which)
• Whose nếu sau có có 1 danh từ chỉ sở hữu (The man whose house is...)
• Where nếu chủ từ của nó là một nơi chốn.
• When nếu chủ từ của nó là một thời điểm.
• Why nếu chủ từ của nó là một lý do.
• Sau Where, Why, When phải có chủ ngữ (The day when you go away...)
• Where, why, When có thể thay bằng giới từ + Which (The day when = The day on which..)
• Mệnh đề Quan hệ không giới hạn (có dầu phẩy) được sử dụng nếu chủ từ của nó là Tên riêng (Nam, Mary) có Sở hữu tính từ (Your, Her…), có đại từ chỉ định (This, That, These, Those)
• Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn không được dùng That.
• That buộc phải dùng nếu trong câu so sánh nhất và chủ từ đó là danh từ chỉ một (The Sun, The tallest girl..)
• That = whom = which ( khi nó đóng vai trò tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn chúng ta có thể bỏ được ( trong trường hợp này sẽ xuất hiện Ø trong dạng câu trắc nghiệm ).
• Sau giới từ chỉ được dùng WHOM hoặc WHICH
• Giới từ đi trước đại từ quan hệ có thể xác định dựa vào động từ (ví dụ depend on, talk to) - The man to whom you talked yesterday is Mr. Pitt.
• Ta có thể tóm tắt cách dùng các đại từ quan hệ theo bảng sau đây:
Subject Object Possessive
For thing Which (that) Which Whose/ of which
Dạng rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ (Reduced forms of Relative Clauses)
1. Dùng cụm phân từ (Participle phrase) để rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ. Có 2 loại cụm phân từ :
a. Cụm phân từ hiện tại (Present participle phrase) = V-ing đối với mệnh đề quan hệ chủ động (active) . Ví dụ: - The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
The man sitting next to you is my uncle.
- Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night? Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
b. Cụm phân từ quá khứ ( Past participle phrase) = Ved / V3 đối với mệnh đề quan hệ bị động (Passive) Vi dụ : - The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
- The house which is being built now belongs to Mr. Pike. The house built now belongs to Mr. Pike.
2. Dùng To- Infinitice: Sử dụng To-Infinitive hoặc To-Infinitive phrase ( for + O + to-inf) có thể rút gọn
một mệnh đề quan hệ. (Thường dùng để chỉ mục đích của Danh từ đi trước nó: ĐỂ) Ví dụ: - English is an important language which we have to master.
English is an important language to master.
- There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food. There is a good restaurant to eat good food.
- There’s a lot of work which has to be done. There’s a lot of work to be done.
- Here is a form that you must fill in. Here is a form to fill in.
PHẦN BÀI TẬP
Phần bài tập trắc nghiệm :
Bài tập 1: Chọn Đại từ quan hệ phù hợp
1. She gives her children everything____________ they want.
A. that B. who C. whom D. what
2. Tell me____________ you want and I’ll try to help you.
A. that B. what C. whom D. which
3. The place____________ we spent our holiday was really beautiful.
A. what B. where C. who D. which
4. What was the name of the girl____________ passport was stolen?
A. whose B. who C. which D. when
5. Long is the only person____________ understands me.
A. whose B. who C. which D. that
6. The bed____________ I slept in was too soft.
A. whose B. who C. which D. where
7. The man____________ she is married to has been married twice before.
A. whose B. who C. which D. whom
8. Why do you always disagree with everything____________ I say?
A. whose B. who C. whom D. that
9. This is an awful film. It is the worst film____________ I have ever seen.
10. The hotel____________ we stayed was not clean.
A. when B. who C. which D. where
11. The last time____________ I saw her, she looked very beautiful.
A. where B. who C. which D. when
12. What as the name of the people____________ car had broken down?
A. whose B. who C. which D. that
13. I recently went back to the town____________ I was born.
A. where B. who C. which D. when
14. The reason____________ I phoned him was to invite him to a party.
A. why B. what C. which D. when
15. I don’t agree with____________ you have just said.
A. whose B. who C. which D. what
16. She told me her address____________ I wrote on a piece of paper.
A. whose B. who C. which D. when
17. The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop____________ she had bought it.
A. where B. who C. which D. when
18. Do you know the girl____________ Tom is talking to?
A. whose B. whom C. which D. what
19. I gave her all the money____________ I had.
A. what B. that C. which D. when
20. The party____________ we went to wasn’t very enjoyable.
A. what B. who C. which D. where
21. The stories____________ Tom tells are usually very funny.
A. A. whose B. who C. which D. when
22. I met the woman____________ can speak 6 languages.
A. whose B. who C. which D. whom
23. Have you seen the money____________ was on the table?
A. whose B. who C. which D. whom
24. Where is the picture____________ was on the wall?
A. where B. who C. which D. when
25. I don’t like people____________ never stop talking.
A. whose B. who C. which D. whom
26. Why does she always wear clothes____________ are too small for her?
A. whose B. who C. which D. when
27. The factory____________ John works in is the biggest in town.
A. whose B. who C. which D. where
28. Have you ever seen the photographs____________ An took?
A. whose B. who C. that D. whom
29. Everybody____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
A. whose B. who C. that D. whom
30. 1945 was the year____________ the Second World War ended.
A. whose B. who C. which D. when
31. Is there a shop near here____________ I can buy a postcard?
32. I argued with the woman____________ dog bit me.
A. whose B. who C. which D. whom
33. The house____________ I am living is not in very good condition.
A. where B. who C. which D. when
34. Have you found the key____________ you lost?
A. whose B. who C. which D. when
35. The fish____________ we had for dinner was really delicious.
A. whose B. who C. which D. what
36. The man____________ the police arrested has been now released.
A. whose B. who C. which D. where
37. The policeman____________ stopped our car wasn’t very friendly.
A. whose B. who C. which D. whom
38. An aeroplane is a machine____________ flies.
A. whose B. who C. which D. what
39. The butcher is a person____________ sells meat.
A. whose B. who C. which D. when
40. The big clock ____________ used to strike the hours day and night was damaged during the war and has been silent ever since.
A. whose B. that is C. what D. which
41. The pollution ___________ they were speaking is getting worse.
A. that B. about which C. which D. whom
42. The engineer ___________ our company relies is on holiday.
A. who B. on whom C. whose D. whom
43. Wednesday is the day _________ a tour guide leads a tour around the town's historical places. A. when B.which C. whose D. where
44. The town ___________ the folk festival is taking place is usually a quiet resort. A. when B. where C. whom D. which
45. We always hold a family barbecue in our garden on Independence Day, ______ was on a Tuesday this year.
A. what B. that C. when D. which
Bài tập 2: Chọn câu đúng
1. Mrs. Loan is a biologist. Her father is a botanist.
A. Mrs. Loan is a biologist whose father is a botanist. B. Mrs. Loan is a biologist who father is a botanist. C. Mrs. Loan is a biologist whom father is a botanist. D. Mrs. Loan is a biologist father is a botanist 2. This is a book. I bought it at the bookstore.
A. This is a book which I bought at the bookstore. B. This is a book that I bought at the bookstore.. C. This is a book of which I bought at the bookstore. D. (A) and (B) are correct.
3. John is the man. We are going to recommend him for the job.
A. John is the man whose we are going to recommend for the job. B. John is the man, whom we are going to recommend him for the job. C. John is the man whom we are going to recommend for the job. D. (B) and (C) are correct
4. Tom found the cat. Its leg was broken.
A. Tom found the cat which leg was broken. B. Tom found the cat of which its leg was broken. C. Tom found the cat whose leg was broken. D. (B) and (C) are correct
5. Dalat is a famous city for sightseeing. Have you ever gone to it?
A. Have you ever gone to Dalat, where is a famous city for sightseeing? B. Have you ever gone to Dalat, in which is a famous city for sightseeing? C. Have you ever gone to Dalat, which is a famous city for sightseeing? D. (A) and (B) are correct.
6. They are talking about John. Do you know him?
A. They are talking about John who Do you know? B. Do you know John whom they are talking about? C. Do you know John about whom they are talking? D. (B) and (C) are correct
7. She doesn’t want to speak to the reason. She divorced her husband for this reason.
A. She doesn’t want to speak to the reason why she divorced her husband.
B. She doesn’t want to speak to the reason why she divorced her husband for this reason. C. She doesn’t want to speak to the reason that she divorced her husband.
D. She doesn’t want to speak to the reason which she divorced her husband. 8. Jack loves his parents’ house. He was born in that house.
A. Jack loves his parents’ house where he was born in that house. B. Jack loves his parents’ house where he was born .
C. Jack loves his parents’ house in which he was born D. (B) and (C) are correct
9. I was very happy to get your letter. Thank you very much for it.
A. I was very happy to get your letter which thank you very much . B. Thank you very much for your letter which I was very happy to get C. Thank you very much for your letter which I was very happy to get it . D. (B) and (C) are correct
10.That woman didn’t love him. He wanted to marry her.
A. That woman didn’t love him whom he wanted to marry. B. That woman, whom he wanted to marry, didn’t love him. C. That woman who he wanted to marry didn’t love him. D. That woman, that he wanted to marry, didn’t love him. 11. The man is my father. I respect most his opinions. A. The man is my father whose opinions I respect most. B. The man is my father, whose opinions I respect most. C. The man is my father whom opinions I respect most. D. The man is my father whom I respect most opinions.
12. There are some regions in Africa. Animal life is threatened seriously in these regions. A. There are some regions in Africa, where animal life is threatened seriously in these regions B. There are some regions in Africa, where animal life is threatened seriously.
C. There are some regions in Africa, in which animal life is threatened seriously. D. (B) and (C) are correct
13. The reason is due to human survival. For that reason we have to conserve nature. A. The reason why we have to conserve nature is due to human survival.
B. The reason which we have to conserve nature is due to human survival. C. The reason that we have to conserve nature is due to human survival. D. The reason is due to human survival why we have to conserve nature. 14. Mr. John was away on holiday. The manager wanted to see him. A. Mr. John, who was away on holiday, the manager wanted to see . B. Mr. John, whom was away on holiday, the manager wanted to see.
C. Mr. John, that was away on holiday, the manager wanted to see. D. Mr. John whom was away on holiday the manager wanted to see. 15. That hotel was excellent. We stayed there last year.
A. That hotel, where we stayed there last year, was excellent. B. That hotel where was excellent we stayed last year. C. That hotel, where was excellent, we stayed last year. D. (A) and (C) are correct
16. Did you see the woman? Her husband was taken to hospital. A. Did you see the woman who husband was taken to hospital? B. Did you see the woman whom husband was taken to hospital? C. Did you see the woman that husband was taken to hospital? D. Did you see the woman whose husband was taken to hospital? 17. I will never forget my friends. I met them on my vacation. A. I will never forget my friends who I met on my vacation. B. I will never forget my friends, whom I met on my vacation. C. I will never forget my friends whose I met on my vacation. D. I will never forget my friends, that I met on my vacation. 18. She left on the day. I have never forgotten then.
A. She left on the day when I have never forgotten. B. She left on the day which I have never forgotten. C. She left on the day on which I have never forgotten. D. (A) and (C) are correct
19. His mother is very trustworthy. He can rely on her now. A. His mother, whom he can rely on now, is very trustworthy. B. His mother, who he can rely on now, is very trustworthy. C. His mother, that he can rely on now, is very trustworthy. D. His mother whom he can rely on now is very trustworthy.
20. Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green. A. Do you know the building whose windows are painted green?
B. Do you know the building whose the windows are painted green?
C. Do you know the building whose the windows of the building are painted green? D. Do you know the building, whose windows are painted green?
PHẦN BÀI TẬP TỰ LUẬN
Loại bài tập 1: Viết lại câu sau cho tương đương về nghĩa với câu đã cho.
1. The man was away on holiday. The manager wanted to see him. The man _____________________________________________ 2. Did you see the woman? Her husband was taken to hospital.
Did you _____________________________________________? 3. They are watching a program. It tells about victims of wars.
→ The program _____________________________________________ 4. We were born in a city. It was famous for sightseeing.
→ The city _________________________________________________ 5. The woman is talking to Mr. Long. He is a very famous doctor.
→ Mr. Long ________________________________________________
1. People / change / the environment / building cities / villages / forests once stood. 2. Mrs. Brown / the first winner / dog / won / three prizes / the same show.
3. Vietnam / export / a lot / rice / grown / mainly / the south / the country. 4. Mary / late yesterday, / unusual / her.
5. The success / a shared holiday / depend / you share it /.