Initially called the Modified Globalization Index, the Maastricht Globalisation Index(MGI) has been developed by Pim Martens with the assistance of first Daniel Zywietz and then of Mohsin Raza. Since a preliminary study by Zywietz (2003), the aim has been to design an instrument for the measurement of globalization which improves on the A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index, particularly by selecting different indicators and variables: which accounts for the first name given to the instrument.
Presented in numerous publications after Zywietz’s paper of 2003, theMaas- tricht Globalisation Indexhas undergone several changes, especially in regard to the method by which the values of the various indicators used are normalized.
Described below is the instrument as it appears in its most recent version (Martens et al.2010; Martens and Raza2010).21
The Maastricht Globalisation Indexis calculated by aggregating eleven indi- cators referring to five dimensions of globalization: political, economic, socio- cultural, technological, and ecological. In particular, the most distinctive features of this instrument are its consideration of globalization’s ecological dimension, and its inclusion of an indicator relative to the arms trade in the political dimension.
Each indicator is normalized on a scale from 0 to100, where 100 corresponds to the maximum level of globalization, by means of the usual formula normalized value=(observed value–minimum value)/(maximum value–minimum value) * 100. The maximum and minimum values inserted in the formula correspond, for each indicator, to the maximum and minimum value recorded for that same indicator in 2000. This means that, considering that the index has been calculated for the year 2000 and for the year 2008, in relation to 2008 some countries may record values greater than 100 on the individual indicators and on the overall index. To be noted in this regard that in the previous versions of theMaastricht Globalisation Index, the procedure followed in normalizing the values was more
21 Other works, besides those already cited, describing theMaastricht Globalisation Indexand the method progressively defined to calculate it, are Martens and Zywietz (2006), Dreher et al.
(2008, 2009), Martens and Raza (2008). To be noted is that, although Pim Martens has collaborated in analysis of the measurement of globalization with Axel Dreher, author of theKOF Index of Globalizationdescribed in the previous section, the instruments proposed by the two authors are nevertheless different.
3.4 The KOF Index of Globalization 65
Table3.9ClassificationofcountriesbasedontheoverallKOFIndexofGlobalizationanditsthreesub-indices—Referenceyear:2007(http:// globalization.kof.ethz.ch) OverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalizationOverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalization 1BelgiumSingaporeSwitzerlandFrance19AustraliaPortugalHungaryBrazil 2AustriaIrelandAustriaItaly20NorwayBulgariaLiechtensteinIndia 3NetherlandsLuxembourgCanadaBelgium21CyprusLatviaSingaporeRomania 4SwitzerlandNetherlandsBelgiumAustria22ItalySwitzerlandCyprusHungary 5SwedenMaltaNetherlandsSweden23PolandN.ZealandIrelandAustralia 6DenmarkBelgiumDenmarkSpain24U.K.SloveniaItalyFinland 7CanadaEstoniaU.K.Netherlands25N.ZealandSpainUSANorway 8PortugalHungaryGermanySwitzerland26EstoniaIcelandPolandNigeria 9FinlandSwedenSwedenPoland27USALithuaniaMaltaMorocco 10HungaryAustriaFranceCanada28SloveniaCanadaN.ZealandCzech Republic 11IrelandBahrainPortugalPortugal29CroatiaPanamaSanMarinoJapan 12Czech RepublicDenmarkNorwayGermany30MaltaGeorgiaPuertoRicoIreland 13FranceCzechRepublicFinlandDenmark31GreeceAustraliaSloveniaPakistan 14LuxembourgCyprusSlovak RepublicUSA32BulgariaU.K.EstoniaChile 15SpainFinlandCzech RepublicEgypt33LithuaniaJamaicaArubaKorea, Republic 16Slovak RepublicSlovak RepublicAustraliaArgentina34ChileFranceN.CaledoniaBulgaria 17SingaporeChileSpainGreece35MalaysiaCroatiaFr.PolynesiaTunisia 18GermanyIsraelLuxembourgTurkey36JordanMalaysiaCroatiaSouthAfrica (continued)
Table3.9(continued) OverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalizationOverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalization 37LatviaPolandIcelandSenegal55JamaicaKazakhstanSamoaSlovenia 38IsraelNorwayLatviaChina56TurkeySerbiaIsraelN.Zealand 39RomaniaTrinidad& T.RussianFed.Jordan57KoreaRepublicUSABarbadosColombia 40IcelandItalyU.A.EmiratesIndonesia58Bosnia&Er.PeruMalaysiaThailand 41BahrainGermanyLebanonUkraine59ThailandThailandCostaRicaCyprus 42RussianFedCostaRicaKuwaitRussianFed.60MoldovaPapuaN.G.JordanBolivia 43QatarGreeceBahamasPeru61PeruArmeniaGrenadaElSalvador 44MauritiusRomaniaBruneiD.Kenya62HondurasMacedoniaBelarusParaguay 45JapanOmanLithuaniaUruguay63ChinaNigeriaSaudiArabiaLithuania 46UkraineMoldovaJapanPhilippines64U.A.EmiratesGuyanaUkraineBangladesh 47KuwaitHondurasAntigua&B.Malaysia65MacedoniaMongoliaGuyanaSriLanka 48PanamaMauritiusMacaoGhana66TunisiaCambodiaPanamaMali 49CostaRicaBosnia&H.MauritiusCroatia67DominicanR.UruguayBulgariaGuinea 50ElSalvadorJordanQatarSlovak Republic68EgyptIndonesiaSerbiaZambia 51SerbiaKuwaitVirginI.Ethiopia69GeorgiaVanuatuMoldovaBosnia&H. 52LebanonElSalvadorMacedoniaGuatemala70ArgentinaUkraineSeychellesBenin 53UruguaySouthAfricaGreeceEcuador71MexicoNicaraguaBermudaNiger 54SouthAfricaZambiaBahrainLuxembourg72MoroccoAngolaS.Vincent&the Grenad.Dominican Republic (continued)
3.5 The Maastricht Globalisation Index (MGI) 67
Table3.9(continued) OverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalizationOverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalization 73KazakhstanTurkeyCaymanI.Qatar91NicaraguaBrazilChileNepal 74SaudiArabiaTunisiaSurinameTogo92ZambiaRussianFed.AzerbaijanMongolia 75BrazilNamibiaOmanBurkinaFaso93NigeriaBoliviaKyrgyz RepublicMadagascar 76OmanGuatemalaS.Kitts&N.Coted’Ivoire94AlbaniaYemenGeorgiaVenezuela 77GuatemalaKorea RepublicRomaniaSingapore95AzerbaijanColombiaNet.AntillesKazakhstan 78ColombiaMozambiqueFaroeI.Cameroon96ArmeniaParaguayBosnia&H.Fiji 79GuyanaBotswanaElSalvadorGabon97Antigua&B.ChinaMoroccoKyrgyz Republic 80GrenadaDominicanR.DomninicanR.Mexico98GhanaEgyptArgentinaNamibia 81FijiMexicoMexicoZimbabwe99VenezuelaMauritaniaVenezuelaMozambique 82Kyrgyz RepublicKyrgyz RepublicChinaSerbia100BoliviaSwazilandColombiaGambia 83Trinidad&T.BarbadosFijiHonduras101BruneiD.LesothoThailandDjibouti 84PhilippinesFijiUruguayUganda102GabonJapanNicaraguaMalawi 85SamoaVietnamDominicaU.K.103BelizeTogoJamaicaRwanda 86IndonesiaPhilippinesWestBank& GazaEstonia104PakistanMaliEcuadorCongo 87BarbadosBelizeS.LuciaAlbania105SriLankaCoted’Iv.KazakhstanIsrael 88ParaguayAlbaniaMaldivesJamaica106BotswanaMoroccoTurkeyChad 89EcuadorAzerbaijanBelizeIran107BahamasArgentinaSouthAfricaMauritius 90NamibiaGhanaKorea RepublicAlgeria108MongoliaEcuadorTrinidad&T.Yemen (continued)
Table3.9(continued) OverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalizationOverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalization 109BelarusVenezuelaMontenegroCuba127ZimbabweHaitiCapeVerdeVietnam 110Coted’IvoireGabonEgyotLebanon128LibyaBurkinaF.LibyaAzerbaijan 111IndiaCongoHondurasKuwait129DjiboutiSenegalTurkmenistanGrenada 112CubaSyrianA.R.SwazilandCentralAfrican Republic130S.Vincent&the Granad.BahamasBotswanaIraq 113SeychellesUgandaGabonCambodia131PapuaN.G.CameroonGambiaIceland 114SenegalSriLankaArmeniaSierraLeone132MaliBeninUzbekistanMalta 115MozambiqueAlgeriaTunisiaPanama133ArubaBangladeshCoted’IvoireU.A.Emirates 116CambodiaPakistanParaguayBotswana134YemenGuineaSenegalAngola 117SurinameBelarusNamibiaCostaRica135DominicaNepalAlgeriaArmenia 118GambiaMalawiPeruSaudiArabia136N.CaledoniaBurundiPakistanTrinidad&T. 119KenyaChadCubaBurundi137FrPolynesiaCentralAfrican RepublicDjiboutiVanuatu 120AlgeriaSierraLeoneGuatemalaLibya138UgandaEthiopiaTongaGeorgia 121VanuatuZimbabweAlbaniaSyrianA.R.139S.Kitts&N.RwandaMicronesiaSamoa 122SyrianA.R.IndiaGreenlandNicaragua140MalawiNigerBoliviaMauritania 123TogoKenyaSriLankaLatvia141AngolaIranZimbabweMacedonia 124VietnamMadagascarBrazilTanzania142MacaoIndonesiaGuyana 125St.LuciaGuineaB.SyrianA.R.Moldova143CameroonBhutanHaiti 126SwazilandTanzaniaPhilippinesSudan144BurkinaF.GhanaBahrain (continued)
3.5 The Maastricht Globalisation Index (MGI) 69
Table3.9(continued) OverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalizationOverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalization 145MaldivesZambiaBahamas163GuineaB.EritreaSwaziland 146MauritaniaS.Tome&P.Uzbekistan164HaitiBurkinaF.Suriname 147BeninIndiaPapuaN.G.165NigerGuineaB.Lesotho 148LesothoVanuatuGuineaB.166SudanBeninKorea Republic 149ChadLesothoBelarus167TajikistanTogoLaoPDR 150GuineaVietnamOman168R.D.CongoSolomonI.SanMarino 151MadagascarKiribatiAfghanistan169BurundiMauritaniaDominica 152UzbekistanKenyaLiberia170CentralAfrican RepublicPapuaN.G.Antigua&B. 153BangladeshTajikistanBelize171Net.AntillesUgandaMonaco 154CapeVerdeMalawiTajikistan172S.Tome&P.HaitiS.Tome&P. 155SierraLeoneIranCongo173TongaCambodiaComoros 156TurkmenistanRwandaBarbados174ComorosYemenMyanmar 157EthiopiaComorosTimor-Leste175BhutanLaoPDREritrea 158CongoCameroonS.Lucia176EritreaEq.GuineaEq.Guinea 159RwandaMozambiqueCapeVerde177LaoPDRNigeriaSomalia 160TanzaniaGuineaSeychelles178Eq.GuineaNepalS.Vincent&the Grenad. 161NepalMongoliaPalau179SolomonI.BurundiBruneiD. 162IranCongoTurkmenistan180KiribatiSomaliaLiechtenstein (continued)
Table3.9(continued) OverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalizationOverallindexEconomic globalizationSocial globalizationPolitical globalization 181MyanmarChadSolomonI.195Bermuda 182TanzaniaS.Kitts&N.196CaymanI. 183MadagascarMaldives197FaeroeI. 184SudanTonga198N.Caledonia 185MaliBhutan199Fr.Polynesia 186SierraLeoneAndorra200Am.Samoa 187BangladeshMarshallI.201Greenland 188AngolaKiribati202Guam 189EthiopiaMicronesia203N.MarianaI. 190CentralAfrican RepublicWestBank& Gaza204VirginI. 191NigerNet.Antilles205I.ofMan 192CongoR.D.Macao206Mayotte 193MyanmarAruba207ChannelI. 194PuertoRico
3.5 The Maastricht Globalisation Index (MGI) 71
complex. In fact, the values of the indicators underwent a logarithmic transfor- mation and were subsequently modified using, as in the case of theCSGR Glob- alisation Index, a correction factor based on the size of the population and whether or not the country was landlocked22(Martens and Raza2009).
Once the values of the indicators have been normalized, they are aggregated within each dimension by means of simple summation: that is, the same weight is attributed to each of them.23 The authors state that the five dimensions thus determined are then aggregated into the overall index, once again attributing the same weight to each of them. If this were so, it would be a variation on the previous versions of the instrument, in which the indicators were summed to yield the value of the overall index directly, without passing through aggregation in the various dimensions. In this way, greater weight was given to the dimensions represented by a larger number of indicators.24However, it is stated in the text that also the aggregation of the dimensions comes about by simple summation. Hence, the declaration concerning the attribution of equal weights is contradicted, because the procedure would still involve, as in the previous version of the instrument, the attribution of greater weight to the dimensions constituted by the largest number of indicators.
Unfortunately, the failure of the authors to provide an example of how the values of the index are calculated is an obstacle against full understanding of the instrument’s construction. Whatever the case may be, Table3.10gives the com- plete list of the indicators used and the respective weights.
Table3.11instead shows the classification of the 117 countries for which it has been possible to calculate theMaastricht Globalisation Indexwith reference to the years 2000 and 2008. Unfortunately, in regard to the latest version of the index, the classification of the countries has not been published in relation to the various dimensions and indicators of which the index consists.