In spite of considerable efforts of the researcher, certain limitations are inevitable, which opens suggestions for further investigation on the issue.
84
Firstly, Sino-Vietnamese and strong words were mentioned by the participants; however, it is hard to determine which words are Sino-Vietnamese and which are not. Meanwhile, those words were not defined and explained clearly within the scope of the current study. Therefore, more intensive studies can examine such words and their usage in movie title translation.
In addition, one of the major shortcomings is due to the limited resources, namely the researcher‟s time and expertise. Thus, the researcher has chosen to focus on the things that are easy to describe, including assessing quality of translated movie titles based on four topics in the TQA model proposed by Newmark (1988) as well as principles and techniques in translating movie titles. More complicated issues such as cultural constraints in language transfer involving title translation in general could not be dealt with. Consequently, there is still a considerable gap for future research conducted on such complicated issues.
Moreover, another limitation can be found in the number of the informants and the sampling strategy employed in phase two of the research. The study involved only three translators. It should be noted that this sampling strategy might be “highly unrepresentative” (Black, 1999, p.118). However, the researcher had little choice but to adopt the strategy because of the rigorous and rigid schedule of the translators and the time constraint under which this study was conducted. Hence, the results could not be generalized. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the emphasis of the phase was not making any generalization, but looking in depth at the studied issue. It is expected that with detailed descriptions of cases, the study can provide a detailed and in-depth understanding of the studied issue. Because of such rich descriptions of data, the study may lay concrete foundation for further investigation in a quantitative mode.
Another shortcoming of the current study that is not very serious still needs to be mentioned is the limited number of movie titles in its first phase. In this phase,
85
only titles of movie shown in CGV Cineplex from 2011 to 2014 were investigated while the number movies shown in Vietnam are neither limited within the four-year period nor restricted in only CGV Cineplex. Hence, this number was not so large that it can provide an overall picture of the quality of the translations of English movie titles in Vietnam. Therefore, any attempt to conduct a research on larger-scale samples should be encouraged and appreciated.
In conclusion, more intensive researches on Sino-Vietnamese and strong words as well as their usage in movie title translation should be conducted. Besides, further studies concerning more complicated issued such as quality assessment of the translation, cultural constraints in language transfer involving the translation of movie titles, book titles, etc. can be pursued. In addition, investigations on the studied issue should be made with a larger population including either translators or movie titles.
86
REFERENCES
Andersen, M. V. (2010). The fate of movie titles in translation. Denmark: Aarhus University.
Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. New York:
Routledge.
Baker, M. (2004). Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies. Shanghai:
Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Banja, S. Y. (2009). Translation as a process. Message posted to http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com/2009/10/translation-as-process.html Benhaddou, M. (2009) Translation quality assessment: a situational/textual model
for the evaluation of Arabic/English translations. UK: University of Salford.
Black, T. M. (1999). Doing quantitative research in the social sciences: An integrated approach to research. Design, measurement and statistics.
London: Sage Publication.
Broeck, R. van den. (1978). The concept of equivalence in translation theory. Some critical reflections. In Holmes, J.S., Lambert, J. and Broeck, R. van den (eds.) Literature and Translation. Leuven: Academic, 29-47.
Burns, R. B. (2000). Introduction to research methods. 4th ed. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
Catford, J.C. 1965. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chmielewski, D. C. & E.C. (2010). Disney restyles „Rapunzel‟ to appeal to boys.
Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 2015 from http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/09/business/la-fi-ct-disney9-2010mar09
87
Clark, N. (2010). Tangled Ever After: Disney lets its hair down. Herocomplex.
Retrieved September 2015 from
http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/tangled-ever-after-disney-lets-its- hair-down/
Daily mail Reporter. (2010). Revealed: How the world‟s biggest movie website is run by a “self-confessed geek” from a house in Bristol. Daily mail. Retrieved June 2015 from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article- 1342663/IMDb-run-self-confessed-geek-Colin-Needham-house-Bristol.html Delisle, J. & Woodsworth, J. (1995). Translators through history. John Benjamins
Pulishing.
Dubois, J., Giacomo, M., Guespin, L., Marcellesi, C., Marcellesi, J.B., & Mével, J.
P. (1973). Dictionnaire de linguistique. Paris: Larousse.
Duff, A. (1989). Resource Books for Teachers: Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duong, T.T.T (2006). The translation of English movie titles into Vietnamese.
(Master thesis, Hanoi University, 2006).
Eisner, E. W. (1991). The enlightened eye: Qualitative inquiry and the enhancement of educational practice. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Faghih, E.& Jaza‟ei, M. (2015). A translation quality assessment of two English translations of Nazim Hikmet‟s Poetry. Translation Journal. Retrieved July 2015 from http://www.translationjournal.net/January-2015/a-translation- quality-assessment-of-two-english-translations-of-naz-m-hikmet-s-
poetry.html
88
Film (Def.1). (n.d.). In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Online. Retrieved
February, 18, 2015 from
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/film
Fink, A. (2003). How to conduct in-person interviews for surveys. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Fischoff. (1988). Journal of Media Psychology, Volume 3, Number 1.
Ghadi, S. A. (Jan, 24, 2010). All new theories and concepts about translation in new
century. Retrieved January 20th, 2015 from
http://www.slideshare.net/dr.shadiabanjar/theories-and-concepts-about- translation
Gubrium, J. F. & Holstein, J. A. (Eds). (2002). Handbook of interview research:
Context and method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Hartman, R. R. K., & Stork, F. C. (1972). Dictionary of language and linguistics.
Amsterdam: Applied Science.
Hawley, C. (2008). Titles lost in translation. Retrieved October 10, 2015 from http://www.azcentral.com/ent/movies/articles/2008/08/01/20080801moviena mes.html?nclick_check=1
Heller, A. (2004). Movie titles get lost in translation overseas. Retrieved April 22 2015 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/28/hollywood-movie- titles_n_4873400.html
Hong, C. (2010, August 25). Megastar Việt Nam - “cuộc chơi” nhiều kẻ kiện! Sức khỏe và đời sống. Retrieved September 23 2015 from http://suckhoedoisong.vn/2010527162715479p15c95/megastar-viet-nam- cuoc-choi-nhieu-ke-kien.htm
89
HSC, (2011). Hsc báo cáo thường niên 2011. Retrieved September 23 2015 from Ho Chi Minh City Securities Corporation website:
http://www.hsc.com.vn/hscportal/userfiles/upload/file/HSC-AR-2011- VN/Megastar_Page
House, J. (1977). A Model for Translation Quality Assessment. Tübringen:
Narr.
House, J. (2001). Translation Quality Assessment: Linguistic Description versus Social Evaluation. Meta : journal des traducteurs / Meta: Translators. 46 (2), 243-257
Kelan, L., & Wei, X. (2006). On English and Chinese movie title translation.
Canadian social science. Canadian social science. 2 (2), 75-81.
Kha, T. (2012). Những cái tên rực rỡ. Retrieved October 10, 2015 from http://m.go.vn/news/dien-anh/tin-554911/nhung-cai-ten-ruc-ro.htm
King, N. & Horrocks, C. (2010). Interviews in qualitative research. Sage Publication.
Koller, W. (1979). Einfỹhrung in die ĩbersetzungswissenschaft. Heidelberg: Quelle and Meyer.
Larson, L. M. (1984). Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence. New York: University Press of America.
Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2001). Practical Research: Planning and design.
New Jersey: Pearson Educational International and Prentice Hall.
Levinson, J. (2011). Music, art, & metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
90
Long.N. (2015). Tiếp vụ Megastar: Thua tan tác trên “sân nhà”, do đâu?. Phap Luat Newspaper. Retrieved September 20 2015 from http://baophapluat.vn/phong- su-dieu-tra-ve-kinh-te/tiep-vu-megastar-thua-tan-tac-tren-san-nha-do-dau- 226274.html.
May, J. (2010). The art of film title design throughout cinema history. Retrieved October 10, 2015 from http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/10/04/the- art-of-the-film-title-throughout-cinema-history/
Maykut, P., & Morehouse, R. (1994).Beginning Qualitative Research: A Philosophic and Practical Guide. London: The Falmer Press.
Markovitz, A. (2010). How did Rapunzel become „Tangled‟? Directors Nathan Greno and Byron Howard set the record straight. Retrieved September 2015 from http://www.ew.com/article/2010/11/24/tangled-rapunzel-nathan-greno- byron-howard
Megastar hé lộ doanh số thị trường Việt Nam. (2012). Saigon News. Retrieved February 10, 2015 from http://www.saigonnews.vn/van-hoa/69567-megastar- he-lo-thong-tin-ve-doanh-so-thi-truong-phim-viet.html
Mei, Z. F. (2010). On the translation strategies of English film title from the perspective of Skopos theory. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(1), 66- 68.
Minh, T.T. (2014). Movie title translation. Language and Life. 11 (229). 60-64.
Month of the Souls in Purgatory. (n.d.) Catholic culture. Retrieved July 2015 from https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/overviews/months/11_
1.cfm
91
Movie (Def.1). (n.d.). In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Online. Retrieved
February 18, 2015 from
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/movie Munday, J. (2001). Introducing translation studies. London: Routledge.
Munarriz, R.A. (2015). Puss in Boots Enlisted to Rescue DreamWorks Animation.
Daily finance. Retrieved September 22 2015 from http://www.dailyfinance.com/2015/01/14/puss-boots-gets-netflix-series/
Newmark, P. (1982). Approaches to translation. Oxford: Pergaman Press Ltd.
Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. New York: Prentice-Hall International.
Nida, E. (1969). Science of translation. Language 45, 483-498.
Ordudari, M. (2007). Translation procedures, strategies and methods. Translation Journal, 11(3). Retrieved February 20, 2015 from http://translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm
Oskin, B. (2015). Continental Drift: Theory & Definition. Live Science. Retrieved July 2015 from http://www.livescience.com/37529-continental-drift.html Patterson, J. (2008). It‟s in the name. The Guardian. Retrieved October 10, 2015
from http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/apr/05/3
Pomerantz, D. (2014). 'The Boxtrolls' And Why It's Crazy To Do Stop-Motion Animation. Forbes. Retrieved September 23, 2015, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2014/09/26/the-boxtrolls- and-why-its-crazy-to-do-stop-motion-animation/
Prendergast, G. S. (n.d.). Basic attraction: How movie titles work (or don‟t). Script
fly. Retrieved October 10, 2015 from
http://www.scriptfly.com/articles/movietitles.shtml
92
Richards, J., Platt, J., & Weber, H. (1985). Longman dictionary of applied linguistics. UK: Longman.
Ruelle, J. (2010). “Cánh đồng bất tận” hay “Những cuộc đời trôi nổi”. Retrieved October 10, 2015 from http://dantri.com.vn/c702/s702-436330/canh-dong- bat-tan-hay-nhung-cuoc-doi-troi-noi.htm
Samuel, H. (2011). The Smurfs are 'anti-Semitic and racist'. The Telegraph.
Retrieved September 23, 2015, from
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8554973/The- Smurfs-are-anti-Semitic-and-racist.html
Smith, G.J. (1981). The grammar of movie titles. American Speech. 56(2).158-159.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. CA: Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, Inc.
Steiner, G. (1998). After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Sun, J. (2007). The functionalist Skopos theory and movie title translation. Retrieved
November 18, 2015 from
http://spdc.shnu.edu.cn/1000011102/benkeshenglunwen/009.doc Swan, M. (2005). Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tan, X. (2015). A study of the translation of English and Chinese film titles from the perspective of culture and the beauty of language. Studies in Literature and Language. 10 (4). 94-99.
Thanh, L.T. (2001). A study on the translation of filmscripts in English into Vietnamese. (University of Languages and International Studies, 2001).
93
Thị trường điện ảnh Việt Nam nhìn từ lượng phim ngoại nhập. (2012). Lao Động.
retrieved February 10 2015 from http://laodong.com.vn/Van-hoa/Nhin-tu- luong-phim-nhap-ngoai/81434.bld
Thuy, P.T. (2009). Assessing the translation of a short story using the translation quality assessment framework proposed by Newmark. Linguistics and Life.
10(165). 28-34.
Tien, L.H. (2007). Methods in English-Vietnamese translation. Vietnam National University Journal. 23(1). 28-34.
Tien, L.H & Bac, N. N. (2008). Translation theory course book. Hanoi: University Translation of film titles to cultural difference. (n.d.) Retrieved October 10 2015
from
http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/7798.html?utm_expid=14708165-1 Tsakona, V. (2008). Language and image interaction in cartoons: Towards a
multimodal theory of humor. Journal of pragmatics. 41(6). 1171-1188.
Turgut, O.P. (2012). Social and Behavioral Sciences. volume: 51. Kinetic typography in movie titles sequences. 583-588.
Van, L.T.H. (1999). A study on film translation. (University of Languages and International Studies).
Václavíková, E. (2006). Translation of proper nouns and neologisms in Harry Porter. Bachelor thesis. (Masaryk University, 2006).
Vinay, J.P. and J. Darbelnet (1995) Comparative Stylistics of French and English: a Methodology for Translation, translated by J. C. Sager and M. J. Hamel, Amsterdam /Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
94
Vu, T. T. T. (2005). A study on the translation of English computer texts in Vietnamese equivalents. (Master thesis, Hanoi University of Languages and International Studies, 2005).
Wang, T. (2007). Translation skills and principles of English movie titles. (Bachelor thesis).
Watzlawik, M., & Born, A. (2007). Capturing identity: Quantitative and qualitative methods. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc.
Wengraf, T. (2001). Qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Woolcock, M., & Rao, V. (2003). Integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches in program evaluation. In Bourguignon, F. & Silva, L. A. P.
(Ed.), The impact of economic policies on poverty and income distribution (pp. 165-190). New York: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
I
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: TITLES OF ANIMATIONS IN CGV CINEPLEX FROM 2011 TO 2014 AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS
DESCRIPTIVE TITLES
Source Text Target Text
1. The Croods Cuộc phiêu lưu của nhà Croods
2. The Smurfs Xì trum
3. Monster University Lò đào tạo quái vật
4. Planes Thế giới máy bay
5. Rio 2 Rio 2
6. How to train your dragon Bí kíp luyện rồng
7. Penguins of Madagascar Biệt đội chim cánh cụt Madagascar
8. Free Birds Giải cứu gà tây
9. The Boxtrolls Hội quái hộp
10. Kungfu Panda 2 Kungfu Panda 2
11. Puss in Boots Mèo Đi-hia
12. Ice age 4: Continental Drift Kỷ băng hà 4: Lục địa trôi dạt
13. Wreck-it Ralph Rap-phờ đập phá
14. Frankenweenie Chó ma Frankenweenie
ALLUSIVE TITLES
Source language Target Language
1. Frozen Nữ hoàng băng giá
2. Tangled Công chúa tóc mây
3. Brave Công chúa tóc xù
4. Despicable me 2 Kẻ trộm mặt trăng 2
II
APPENDIX 2: TITLES OF ACTION MOVIES RELEASED IN CGV CINEPLEX FROM 2011 TO 2014 AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS
ALLUSIVE TITLES
Source Language Target Language 1. Oblivion Bí mật trái đất diệt vong
2. Dead man down Kẻ báo thù
3. Now you see me Phi vụ thế kỷ
4. RED CIA tái xuất
5. 2 guns Điệp vụ 2 mang
6. Prisoners Lần theo dấu vết
7. Edge of Tomorrow Cuộc chiến luân hồi
8. Bait Bẫy cá mập
9. Interstellar Hố đen tử thần
10. Fury Cuồng nộ
11. Equalizer Thiện ác đối đầu
12. Limitless Trí lực siêu phàm
13. Abduction Truy kích
14. In time Thời khắc sinh tử
15. Chronicle Sức mạnh vô hình
16. Act of Valor Biệt kích ngầm
17. Safe Mật mã sống
18. Dark Shadows Lời nguyền bóng đêm 19. The cold light of day The cold light of day 20. Total Recall Truy tìm ký ức
21. Stolen Cướp siêu hạng
22. Act of Valor Biệt kích ngầm
23. Premium Rush Tốc độc kinh hoàng
DESCRIPTIVE TITLES
Source language Target language
The last stand Chốt chặn cuối cùng
Jack Reacher Jack Reacher
Spiders Nhện khổng lồ
III
GI Joe: Retaliation GI Joe: Kẻ báo thù
Iron Man 3 Người sắt 3
Fast and Furious 6 Fast and furious 6
Star Trek: Into the darkness Star Trek: Chìm vào bóng tối
Man of steel Người đàn ông thép
World War Z Thế chiến Z
Whitehouse down Giải cứu nhà trắng
The lone ranger Kỵ sĩ cô độc
Pacific Rim Siêu đại chiến
The Wolverine Người sói
The mortal Instruments: The city of bones
Vũ khí bóng đêm: Thành phố xương
Runner runner Át chủ bài
Legendary: Tomb of the dragon Legendary: Mộ rồng
Escape plan Vượt ngục
The Hunger Games: Catching fire The Hunger games: Bắt lửa
Thor 2: Dark world Thor 2: Thế giới bóng tối
Need for speed Đam mê tốc độ
Captain America 2: Winter Soldier Captain America: Chiến binh mùa đông
X-men: Days of future past X-men: Ngày cũ của tương lai Godzilla_Galaxy Studio Quái vật Godzilla
Transformer 4: Age of Extinction Transformer 4: kỷ nguyên hủy diệt Night at the Museum: Secret of the
Tomb
Đêm ở viện bảo tàng: Bí mật hầm mộ
The Pyramid Bí ẩn kim tự tháp
Dracula Untold Ác quỷ Dracula: Huyền thoại chưa
kể
IV
The Maze Runner Giải mã mê cung
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle Ninja rùa
The November Man Sát thủ tháng 11
Lucy Lucy
The Prince Mật danh
He who dares Kẻ liều lĩnh
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit Jack Ryan: Đặc vụ bóng đêm
The lone survivor Sống sót
The Tourist Du khách bí ẩn
I Am Number 4 Số 4
Fair game Trò chơi sòng phẳng
The Warrior's Way Con đường chiến binh
The Adjustment Bureau Bản đồ định mệnh
Source Code Mật mã gốc
Fast and Furious 5 Fast and furious 5
Super 8 Super 8
Priest Giáo sĩ
Xmen: First Class Xmen: First class
Transformers 3: Darkmoon Transformer 3: Darkmoon
Cowboys and Aliens Cao bồi và quái vật ngoài hành tinh Rise of the Planet of the Apes Sự nổi dậy của loài khỉ
Real Steel Tay đấm thép
Tower Heist Siêu trộm nhà chọc trời
Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol Nhiêm vụ bất khả thi 4: Chiến dịch bóng ma
The Darkest Hour Giờ đen tối
V
Contraband Phi vụ ngầm
Underworld Awakening Thế giới ngầm trỗi dậy
Safe House Safe house
Man on a Ledge Người đàn ông trên gờ tường
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island Journey 2: Hòn đảo huyền bí
Immortals Chiến binh bất tử
Wrath of the Titans Sự phẫn nộ của các vị thần
Battleship Chiến hạm
The Avengers Biệt đội siêu anh hùng
Men in Black III Men in black III
ATM ATM
The Dictator Kẻ độc tài
The Dark Knight Rises Kỹ sĩ bóng đêm trỗi dậy
Savages Những kẻ man rợ
Resident Evil: Retribution Vùng đất dữ: Báo thù
The Man with the Iron Fist Người đàn ông có tay đấm sắt Guardian of the Galaxy Vệ binh dải ngân hà