Đó là những động từ kết hợp với 1, 2 hoặc đôi khi 3 giới từ, khi kết hợp ở dạng như vậy ngữ nghĩa của chúng thay đổi hẳn so với nghĩa ban đầu.
To break off: chấm dứt, cắt đứt, đoạn tuyệt.
To bring up: nêu ra, đưa lên một vấn đề
To call on: yêu cầu / đến thăm
To care for: thích / trông nom, săn sóc (look after)
To check out (of/from) a library: mượn sách ở thư viện về
To check out: điều tra, xem xét.
To check out (of): làm thủ tục để ra (khách sạn, sân bay) <> check in.
To check (up) on: điều tra, xem xét.
To close in (on): tiến lại gần, chạy lại gần
To come along with: đi cùng với
To count on = depend on = rely on
To come down with: mắc phải một căn bệnh
Do away with = get rid of: tống khứ, loại bỏ, trừ khử
To daw up = to draft: soạn thảo (một kế hoạch, một hợp đồng)
To drop out of = to withdraw from: bỏ (đặc biệt là bỏ học giữa chừng)
To figure out: Hình dung ra được, hiểu được.
To find out: khám phá ra, phát hiện ra.
To get by: Lần hồi qua ngày, sống sót qua được
To get through with: kết thúc
To get through to: thông tin được cho ai, gọi được cho (điện thoại), tìm cách làm cho
To get up: dậy/ tổ chức.
To give up: bỏ, từ bỏ
To go along with: đồng ý với
To hold on to: vẫn giữ vững, duy trì
To hold up: cướp / vẫn giữ vững, vẫn duy trì, vẫn sống bình thường, vẫn dùng được (bất chấp sức ép bên ngoài hoặc sử dụng lâu)
To keep on doing smt: vẫn tiếp tục không ngừng làm gì
To look after: trông nom, săn sóc
To look into: điều tra, xem xét
To pass out = to faint: ngất (nội động từ, không dùng bị động)
To pick out: chọn ra, lựa ra, nhặt ra
To point out: chỉ ra, vạch ra
To put off: trì hoãn, đình hoãn
To run across: khám phá, phát hiện ra (tình cờ)
To run into sb: gặp ai bất ngờ
To see about to: lo lắng, săn sóc, chạy vạy
To take off: cất cánh <> to land
To take over for: thay thế cho
to talk over: bàn soạn, thảo luận về
to try out: thử nghiệm, dùng thử (sản phẩm)
to try out for: thử vai, thử giọng (1 vở kịch, buổi biểu diễn)
To turn in: giao nộp, đệ trình / đi ngủ
To watch out for: cảnh giác, để mắt, trông chừng (cả nghĩa đen lẫn nghĩa bóng) Bảng các động từ bất quy tắc
Present Past Past Participle
be was, were been
become became become
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke (waked) woken (waked)
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
PHỤ LỤC 1: WORD FORMATION WORD FORMATION
1. Ví dụ: she is a beautiful girl (beauty) ↓ ↓ ↓
article adjective noun noun
2. - Cung cấp từ
+ Danh từ là từ có hậu tố: - tion, - sion, -er, -or ...
+ Tính từ là từ có hậu tố : - able, - ful, - less, - al ...
+ Trạng từ thông thường có hậu tố: - ly 3.1. NOUNS .
3.
1.1. Definition:Noun is a word used as the name of a peron, thing, animal, place ...
Ex: Student ( person ) Blackboard (thing)
3.1.2- The ways to form a noun.
FORM EXAMPLES
AR a- Verb + ER OR
- sailor, actor ...
- teacher, driver, viewer, singer...
- beggar, liar ...
ION b- Verb + ING
MENT
- action, invention, liberation, conclusion ...
- writing, making, liking, cooking, learning...
- movement, development, investment, punishment, amusement ...
c- Noun /Adjective +
DOM - kingdom, freedom, wisdom
d- Noun/Adjective +
HOOD - boyhood, neigbourhood, childhood, brotherhood, falsehood.
e- Noun/ Adjective + ISM - capitalism, patriotism, terrorism, heroism, communism.
- socialism, racialism, colonialism NESS
f- Adjective + TY ITY
- happiness, laziness, illness, sickness ...
- cruelty, loyalty, difficulty ...
- possibility, ability, capability, ability, curiosity ...
g- Verb + ANT - assistant, accountant, applicant, contestant...
h- Adjective Noun - angry → anger - long → length - brave → bravery - proud → pride
- deep → depth - terrible → terror - famous → fame - young → youth - high → height - hot → heat - true → truth
- just → justice
i- Verb Noun - choose → choice - live → life - prove → proof - strike → stroke - sing → song - advise → advice - enter → entry - fail → failure - feed → food - laugh → laughter - renew → renewal - sit → seat - speak → speech - see → sight - sell → sale - die → death - bury → burial - lose → loss 3.1.3. The functions of a noun
3.
1.3.1- Subject: - This girl is intelligent.
3.
1.3.2- Object: - She eats a banana.
3.
1 . 3.3- Complement: - He is a footballer.
3.
1.3 . 4- Appositive:- Mr. David, a famous doctor, is my father’s friend.
3.
1.3.5- Object of a preposition:- Everybody is interested in sports.
3.
1.3.6- Adjective:- The Vietnam War is different from any other one.
3.2. ADJECTIVES:
3.2.1-Definition: Adjective is a word that modifies a noun. It usually stands before a noun
Ex: a horse a charming room an apple a furnished house this old house
3.2.2- The way to form an adjective:
FORM EXAMPLES
Noun -
Adjective - choir → choral - circle → circular - union → united - fashion → fashionable - honour → honourable - notice → noticeable - reason → reasonable - value → valuable - terror → terrible - sense → sensible - horror → horrible - access → accessible - luxury → luxurious - victory → victorious - vapour → vapourous - variety → various - danger → dangerous - dangour → dangourous
- advangtage →
advangtageous
- mountain → mountainous - venom → venomous - peril → perilous - caution → cautious - citrus → citreous - fortune → fortunate - apprehension→
apprehensive
- neglect → neglected - picture → picturesque - charity → charitable - gold → golden - wool → woolen - wood → wooden - earth → earthen - North → Northern - West → Western - fury → furious - glory → glorious - melody → melodious - mystery → mysterious - prosper → prosperous - bounty → bounteous - clamour → clamorous - murder → murderous - disaster → disastrous - courage → courageous - strain → strainous - volume → voluminous - mischief → mischievous - advent → adventitious - affection → affectionate - authority → authoritative - intuition → intuitive
Verb →
adjective
- abhor → abhorrent - obey → obedient - absorb → absorbent
- vary → various - accept → acceptable - admire → admirable
FORM EXAMPLES - compel → compelling
- please → pleasing - learn → learned - vacate → vacant - marvel → marvelous - strain → strenduous - quarrel → quarrelsome
- benefit → benificial - abuse → abusive - collect → collective - create → creative - decide → decisive - describe → descriptive
- affirm → affirmative
- image → imaginative
- deceive→deceptive/
deceitful
- volunteer→ voluntary - unite → united - comply → compliant - grieve → grievous - prosper → prosperous - study → studious - meddle → meddlesome - criticize → critical - attend → attentive - compete → competitive - destroy → destructive - express → expressive - extend → extensive - decorate → decorative - inform → informative
noun - FUL - harmful - pocketful - handful - useful
- peaceful - basketful - successful - helpful noun -LESS - childless
- harmless - odourless - hopeless - useless
- helpless - homeless - noiseless - thoughtless
noun -LY - manly
- yearly - brotherly - fatherly
- hourly - daily
noun -LIKE - lifelike - warlike - statemanlike
- childlike - godlike
noun - Y - silvery
- snowy
- crafty
- rainy
- faulty
- dirty
- starry
- healthy
- silky
- shadowy
- wintery
FORM EXAMPLES
- sandy
noun - ISH - foolish - childish - selfish - amateurish
noun -AL - central
- accidental - traditional - occasional - personal
- optional - natural - magical - industrial - agricultural Noun→
Adjective - difference different
- patience patient - independence independent - vigilance vigilant - distance distant - circumstance
circumstantial
- volcano volcanic - sympathy
sympathic
- hero heroic - giant giantic - energy energic - metal metallic - poet poetic - academy academic - anemia anemic - athlete athletic - quarrel quarrelsome - trouble troublesome - choir choral - circle circular - picture
picturesque
- charity charitable - fashion fashionable - honour honourable - notice noticeable - reason reasonable - sense sensible
- strain strainous - venom venomous - volume voluminous - peril perilous - mischief mischievous - caution cautious - advent adventitious - citrus citreous - affection affectionate - fortune fortunate - authority authoritative - mystery mysterious - victory victorious - prosper prosperous - vapour vapourous - variety various - bounty bounteous - clamour clamourous - danger dangerous - murder murderous - dangour dangourous - disaster disastrious - advantage advantageous - courage courageous - mountain mountainous - wood wooden - earth earthen - North Northern - West Western - fury furious - benefit beneficial
FORM EXAMPLES - gold golden
- wool woolen - glory glorious - apprehension
apprehensive
- intuition intuitive - abhor abhorrent - obey obedient - absorb absorbent - acquiesce acquiescent
- abuse abusive - attend attentive - collect collective - compete competitive - create creative
Verb →
Adjective - admire admirable - notice noticeable - choose choosy - volunteer voluntary - compel compelling - learn learned - comply compliant - vacate vacant - grieve grievous - marvel marvelous - study studious - quarrel
quarrelsome
- decide decisive - express expressive - extend extensive - select selective - affirm affirmative - decorate decorative - image imaginative - inform informative
- deceive deceptive / deceitful - meddle meddlesome
3.2.3- The uses of adjective
3.2.3.1- Attribute adjective (tính ngữ) bổ nghiã cho danh từ phía sau Ex: intelligent student
large room big house
3.2.3.2- Predicative adjectives (vị ngữ) chỉ tính cách của chủ ngữ nhờ những động từ BE / LINKING VERBS (become / get / look / seem ..)
Ex: - My brother is young - You look tired 3.2
. 3.3- Object compliment (bổ nghĩa cho tân ngữ) chỉ tích cách của tân ngữ nhờ các động từ: find, make, set, keep, leave...
Ex: I found this lesson difficult The sun keeps us warm
3.2.3.4-The adjective must be placed after the noun of time, of measurement or words (something, anything, nothing)
Ex: Twenty years old Five yards long Nothing strange
I didn’t notice anything wrong with him.
3.3- Adverbs:
3.3.1- Definition: Adverbs express how, when, or where an action is done 3.3.1.1- Adverbs of manner: express how an action is done
actively calmly fast late together so alone somehow carefully anyhow also how Ex: We went to school together
The birds sang sweetly
3.3.1.2- Adverbs of time: express when an action is done
today once before since now soon always seldom rarely already early ago then often sometimes Ex: It often rains in the tropics.
I have never seen a seahorse.
3.3.1.3- Adverbs of place: express where an action is done
here in out above below past under far everywhere down up around along way upstairs near there
Ex: I followed him everywhere Come in
3.3.2- The positions of adverbs
3.3.2.1- Adverbs which modify the meaning of adjectives or other adverbs are placed “ before” the word modified
Ex: She is very beautiful (adj)
He sings very well (adv)
3.3.2.2- Adverbs which modify the meaning of a whole sentence are placed at the beginning of the sentence.
Ex: Usually we go to school by motor cycle.
3.3.2.3- Adverbs which modify the meaning of verbs.
Ex: He is running fast I live here
I am speaking now 3.3.3- The way to form adverbs:
♣ NOTES:
There is a change of the final vowel when necessary Ex: lucky → luckily
happy → happily slow → slowly
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives Ex: - I went to New York by a fast train.
ADJECTIVE + LY → ADVERB OF MANER
- He ran fast.
(adv)
- We were late for school.
(adj)
- We went t school late.
(adv) 3.4- VERBS:
3.4.1- Definition : a verb is a word or a group which expresses an action or state of being
3.4.1.1- Transitive verb: is one which is used with an object Ex: The waiter brings coffee (object)
The student learns English (object)
3.4.1.2- Intransitive verb: is one which is used without an object. It can not be used in the passive voice.
Ex: The sun rises.
The baby is sleeping . ♣ Notes:
Most of English verbs are used both transitively and intransitively Ex: - The boy rings the bell.
- The bell rings.
- The girl is singing a song - The girl is singing
Few verbs are used transitively or intransitively Ex: - The boy lays the book.(object)
- The boy is lying on the table.
- He sets the bird free.
- He sits on the chair.
3.4
. 1 .3- Auxiliary verb: Auxiliary verb is one which helps other verbs to form tenses, moods or voices.
- The auxiliary verbs : be, will, shall. Do do, did.
Ex: - He is studying English - She will come to the party.
- An apple is eaten by Mary.
- They have gone away.
- Tom doesn’t understand the lesson.
3.4
. 1 .4- Modal verb: Modal verb is one which can’t conjugate in all tenses, and moods.
The modal verbs are: will, shall, can, may, might, need, dare, used to, ought to Ex: - He can swim.
- Can’t he swim ?
3.4.2- The ways to form verbs
FORM EXAMPLES
NOUN → VERB camp encamp horror horrorify
FORM EXAMPLES
circle encircle justice justify
courage encourage liquid liquefy
danger endanger terror terrify
roll enroll belief believe
slavery enslaver blood bleed
tomb entomb brass braze
power empower glass glaze
calm becalm deceit deceive
friend befriend deed do
company accompany endurance endure
custom accustom food feed
actor act gold gild
creator create grief grieve
addition add growth grow
circulation circulate knee kneel
competition compete knowledge know
composition compose life live
description describe pleasure please
dictation dictate product produce
division divide proof prove
education educate relief relieve
illustration illustrate sale sell
imitation imitate shelf shelve
obligation obligate song sing
provision provide speech speak
solution solve success succeed
suspicious suspect thought think
liberty liberate price prize
wreath wreathe tale tell
bath bathe colony colonize
breath breathe drama dramatize
cloth clothe moisture moisturize
bright brighten nation nationalize
broad broaden sympathy sympathize
sweet sweeten vandal vandalize
trial try vapour vapourize
dirt dirty vitality vitalize
beauty beautify vacancy vacate
class classify vaccine vaccinate
glory glorify
FORM EXAMPLES
dark darken modern modernize
fat fatten simple simplify
short shorten cool cool
sharp sharpen full fill
straight straighten hale heal
tight tighten weak weaken
wide widen
WORD ENDINGS
A. COMMON NOUN (THING) ENDINGS
1. –ism : baptism, criticism, organism, heroism, patriotism, alcoholism,
barbarism, dwarfism, parallelism
2. –nce : importance, significance, dependence, arrogance, resistance,
subsistence
3. –ness : bitterness, conceitedness, darkness, hardness, kindheartedness
4. –ion : excision, damnation, pollution, suggestion, a notion, an action,vexation, concoction, completion.
5. –ment : abridgement, accomplishment, banishment, commencement,
embodiment, enhancement, excitement, fragment, garment, ornament,
treatment
6. –(i)ty : purity, authority, dubiety, majority, superiority, humidity, cruelty,
faculty, honesty, plenty, safety, subtlety
7. –age : baggage, carriage, cartage, damage, dotage, hermitage, homagelanguage, luggage, marriage, passage, tillage, tonnage,
village.
8. –ship : ambassadorship, citizenship, headship, professorship, chairmanship,fellowship, scholarship, companionship,
friendship, hardship, relationship, craftsmanship, entrepreneurship, horsemanship, membership, courtship
9. –th : bath, birth, death, oath, growth, stealth, filth, health, length, strength,
truth, depth, breadth, wealth.
10. –dom : earldom, freedom, kingdom, officialdom, wisdom 11. –hood : childhood, falsehood, sisterhood, brotherhood,
neighborhood, likelihood, livelihood
12. –ure : closure, picture, scripture, legislature, nature, failure, pleasure, 13. –cy : bankruptcy, captaincy, democracy, privacy, delicacy,
advocacy, confederacy, accuracy, obstinacy, piracy, , aristocracy, expectancy, efficiency, presidency, sufficiency, deficiency
14. –(t)ry : rivalry, ancestry, carpentry, industry, greenery, machinery, scenery,
bakery, brewery, bravery, slavery, archery
15. –logy : archaeology, geology, sociology, theology, zoology 16. –graphy : bibliography, biography
B. COMMON NOUN (PERSON) ENDINGS
1. – or : actor, creator, doctor, monitor, sculptor, successor, guarantor, conqueror, donor, governor, solicitor, tailor, visitor. bachelor 2. – er : hatter, geographer, astrologer, cottager, foreigner, Londoner,
New Yorker, northerner, villager, airliner, old-timer, sorcerer 3. – ee : employee, payee, devotee, escapee, conferee, absentee, refugee.
4. – ist : chemist, dramatist, economist, geologist; dentist, pianist, tobacconist;
Buddhist, Darwinist, idealist, Marxist, racist, optimist, pessimist 5. – ician : magician, physician, musician, electrician, beautician,
politician, statistician, mathematician, mortician, 6. – ant (10%) : assistant, accountant, consultant, contestant, inhabitant C. ADJECTIVE ENDINGS
1. – ent : independent, sufficient, absent, ambivalent, ancient, apparent, ardent
2. – ant : arrogant, expectant, important, significant , abundant, ignorant, brilliant,
– ful : beautiful, graceful, powerful, grateful, forgetful, mournful,
Exceptions: h a nd f u l , m ou t h f u l , s p oo n f u l are nouns 4. – ic : civic, classic, historic, artistic, economic,
5. – less : doubtless, fearless, hatless, powerless, countless, tireless, faceless,legless, careless, helpless
6. – ive : authoritative, demonstrative, figurative, imitative, qualitative, talkative, active, passive, comparative, possessive
7. – ous : dangerous, glorious, murderous, viscous, ferocious, hilarious,
8. – able : charitable, separable, bearable, reliable, comfortable, suitable.
9. – ible : audible, compressible, edible, horrible, terrible 10. – al : central, general, oral, colossal, tropical, tidal
Exceptions : rival, arrival, proposal, withdrawal, survival are nouns
11. – ory : mandatory, compulsory, predatory, satisfactory Exceptions : dormitory, promontory, territory are nouns
12. – ary : arbitrary, budgetary, contrary, primary, temporary, necessary 13. – y : angry, happy, icy, messy, milky, tidy, chilly, haughty, slippery, 14. – ly : beastly, cowardly, queenly, rascally
15. – (r)ate (10%): temperate, accurate, considerate, immediate, literate
16. – ish: boorish, boyish, foolish, womanish, bookish, feverish, bluish, reddish
D. COMMON VERB ENDINGS
1. – en/ en – : listen, happen, strengthen, lengthen, shorten, soften, ripen, deepen, widen, entrust, enslave, enlighten, entangle, enlarge, encourage, enable, enrich
2. – ate : assassinate, associate, fascinate, felicitate, hydrate, separate, vaccinate, evacuate
3. – ize : characterize, idolize, agonize, apologize, sympathize, theorize, authorize, extemporize, fertilize, fossilize, jeopardize, moralize, Americanize, carbonize, oxidize 4. – ify : pacify, satisfy, petrify, solidify, horrify
E. COMMON ADVERB ENDING
1. – ly : amusingly, deservedly, firstly, fully, greatly, happily, hourly, truly, firstly, secondly
2. – wise : crosswise, lengthwise, otherwise, clockwise 3. – ways : edgeways, endways, lengthways, sideways
4. – ward : backward, homeward, inward, onward, skyward, eastward
GROUP 1: Verbs Followed By Gerunds 1. admit The teenager admitted stealing the woman’s bag.
2. advise The doctor advised waiting until I feel better to start work.
3. anticipate I anticipate having a good time on vacation.
4. appreciate I appreciated hearing from my nieces and nephews after giving them money.
5. avoid Don’t avoid answering difficult questions.
6. complete I finally completed writing my term paper for English class.
7. consider I considered going to the bank for a loan, but I’d rather pay by myself.
8. delay Bob delayed leaving for Seattle until he could say goodbye to his wife.
9. deny The suspect denied committing the crime, but I know he’s guilty.
10. discuss My friend and I discussed opening a new business together.
11. dislike I dislike driving long distances, although I enjoy driving around town.
12. enjoy The kids enjoyed visiting their grandparents.
13. finish We finished studying about midnight, and then went to a nightclub.
14. can’t help I can’t help worrying about my children and drugs.
15. keep I keep hoping I will win the lottery, but no luck so far.
16. mention Lil mentioned going to a movie, Lin suggested a play, but I’d like to stay home.
17. mind Would you mind helping me with these bags?
18. miss I miss being home for the holidays.
19. postpone/put
off Let’s postpone leaving until we listen to the weather report.
20. practice My son loves practiced skateboarding in the park, but I worry about injuries.
21. quit Would you please quit annoying me?
22. recall I don’t recall seeing this bill before. Why is it past due?
23. recollect I don’t recollect paying the electric bill. I hope it isn’t overdue.
24. recommend My boss recommended taking a break from the computer every half hour.
25. resent I resent my mother-in-law interfering in our lives.
26. resist I couldn’t resist buying that gorgeous dress even though it cost too much.
27. risk My sister risks losing all of her money by investing in risky stocks.
28. stop Martha stopped going to classes when she got pregnant.
29. suggest My girlfriend suggested going on a diet; she thinks I’ve got a beer belly.
30. tolerate Colleges won’t tolerate cheating during examinations.
31. understand I don’t understand his marrying that awful woman!
REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFINITIVE
1. afford I can’t afford to buy a new car right now.
2. agree Mom agreed to help us with our homework.
3. appear The teachers appears to be tired today.
4. arrange I’ll arrange to meet the salespeople at the airport.
5. ask My little brother asked to come with us to the movie.
6. beg In fact, he begged to come with us, but I said no.
7. care I don’t care to see pornographic movies.
8. claim Elma claims to be a beauty contest winner, but I doubt it.
9. consent Mary finally consented to marry her boyfriend of seven years.
10. decide I have decided to leave for Hawaii on Monday.
11. demand The boss demanded to know who was responsible for the broken machine.
12. deserve I think I deserve to win first prize.
13. expect I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.
14. fail You have to pay a fine when you fail to return books to the library on time.
15. forget I forgot to mail the gas bill!
16. hesitate Don’t hesitate to ask for my help.
17. hope Jack hopes to arrive in Paris next week.
18. learn I learned to play the piano when I was young, but I”ve forgotten a lot.
19. manage Della managed to finish her work early.
20. mean I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.