Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
1.1 Loss of Power Engine failure Performance in accordance with HEC Class D. “When hovering at max OGE OEI hover weight, an engine failure should not result in an altitude loss of more than 10% or 4 ft, whichever is the greater, of the altitude established at the time of engine failure. In either case, sufficient power margin should be available from the operating engine(s) to regain the altitude lost during the dynamic engine failure and to transition to forward flight.”
Environment conditions not as planned
Build reserve into calculations by factoring wind
Discretion at the site only might be permitted if mass is within 2% - use of discretion should be reported
Emergency procedures established and briefing carried out (including marine pilot) before every sortie
Ingestion of salt water
No operations if spray within 20 ft of Bridge Wing (BW)
Unexpected breaking wave
Operation
abandoned with RTB if spray is suspected of being ingested Ingestion of gases
and/or soot particles
Operations permitted only if clear of funnel exhaust
Wind change Break off from task and clear ship until new direction is established - check power assurance before recommencing operation
Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
1.2 Loss of Reference Reduced visual cues (day) due to height of BW above the deck
Operation started only if reference can be maintained under standard procedures Operation to BW limited to operating height of 4 m unless the size of the site and the visual cues permit it to be higher
Use of helicopters that have minimum distance between pilot and hoist will reduce the threat
Pilot loses reference during winch cycle
Pilot indicates to hoist operator that contact lost;
procedure for loss of reference followed Procedures for selection, training, qualification and checking of Helicopter Hoist Operations (HHO) crew established and followed
Procedure for achieving and maintaining experience to ensure recent experience of all HHO crew established and followed Reduced visual cues
(night) due to lack of lighting and height of BW above the deck
Operation accepted only if sufficient lighting of winch site and obstacles is provided and indicated on ship’s “template”
Lights found to be not sufficient on arrival at site
Operation not commenced
Lighting deficiency reported and filed with master and shipping company Pilot loses reference
during winch cycle
Pilot indicates to hoist operator that contact lost;
procedure for loss of reference followed
Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
Procedures for selection, training and checking of HHO crew for night operations established and followed Procedure for achieving and maintaining night experience to ensure recent experience of all HHO crew established and followed Strong wind requires
pilot to sit ahead of references so that empty harness can be delivered to small site
Operation started only if reference can be maintained under these circumstances
Pilot now too far ahead of clear zone to lift marine pilot
Such complications are discussed as part of the CRM training.
Before lift is commenced, pilot is conned back to lifting position Lack of current night
experience
Procedures to maintain current night experience established Vision impaired by
soot particles
Break off from task and clear ship until new direction is established - check power assurance before recommencing lift
Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
1.3 Loss of Position Environmental disturbance (wind, turbulence)
Establish wind limits for BW hoisting/winching (recommended 60 kts) Break off from task, clear ship and re-establish position
Inability to accurately hold station on BW due to conditions
Discontinue operation
Accentuated linear movement because of the height of the BW (sea conditions)
Establish obstacle linear displacement from the centre of the hoisting/winching site - prepare ship’s template and make available to appropriate parties.
Establish helicopter limits of operation - based upon the linear movement of the significant obstacles outside the manoeuvring zone or obstacles surrounding the clear zone of the operational area
Provide equipment that can accurately measure obstacle displacement at the BW location
Equipment is not provided
Employment of more conservative limits of operation based upon the calculations indicated below Equipment is
unserviceable
Employment of more conservative limits of operation based upon the calculations indicated below Roll of ship erodes
the lateral obstacles’
clearance
The distance of the closest obstacle that will affect height of operations 4 m above BW should be established (measurement taken from the centre of the winch site); the relationship of the linear movement of this obstacle to the angular movement of ship should be established
Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
The limit of operation should be the angle of roll (converted to a linear distance at the BW) that preserves the margin of 0.5 RD (rotor diameter) between the rotor disc and the closest obstacle (thus meeting the intent of clearance from obstacles of 2 D of the manoeuvring zone) or the angle of roll which permits the marine pilot to be landed within the extent of the clear zone
Heave of the ship erodes the vertical obstacle clearance
Operational height should be based upon the visual cue environment and the width of the clear zone. The heave limit should be based upon the operational height, a vertical clearance from obstacles of 2 m at the top of the heave cycle and a heave rate that would not result in injury to the marine pilot Pitch of ship moves
BW out of use for delivering marine pilot to the operational site
Establish limit of pitch to be the linear displacement of 2.5 x width of hoisting/winching site (BW) or 5 m whichever is the lesser (because of the longer lever arm, it is likely that the pilot will be able to follow any fore and aft movement of the BW) Ship movement
(manoeuvring)
Break off from task and clear ship until new direction is established
HAZARD 2 - HOISTING/WINCHING CLEAR ZONE LESS THAN 5 M
Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
2.1 Obstacles in immediate vicinity of clear zone are potential snagging hazard
Hoist harness/and or marine pilot snags obstacles
All snagging hazards to be removed from the width of, and up to 5 m from end of, the BW
Stanchions to rails remain a hazard
Where possible, all stanchions to be boxed
Ship’s crew member to take possession of harness when it is lowered for, or released by, marine pilot
Static discharge risk to ship’s crew member if harness gathered before it has been grounded
Master to ensure that deck crew are briefed on the effect of static discharge
Ship’s crew member not briefed on duties
BW hoisting/
winching should only be conducted if ship has, and complies with, BW procedures 2.2 Marine pilot not
delivered cleanly to centre of clear zone
Ship pitching results in marine pilot being delivered outside rails
Operational limitation on pitch of 2.5 x width of clear zone and appropriate operating height should reduce such an occurrence
Ship moves outside limits
Crew members wait until the ship moves back in pitching limit provided the roll remains within limits
Marine pilot recovered to a safe height before lowering recommenced Roll of ship results in
marine pilot being delivered outside rails
Operational limits on roll of the length of the clear zone and choice of operating height should reduce such an occurrence
Ship moves outside limits
Helicopter immediately moved off to a safe position; crew members wait until the ship moves back in roll limits or aborts mission as required Helicopter moved off to a
safe position and marine pilot recovered to a safe height before lowering recommenced Ship pitching or
rolling results in marine pilot closing to collision with rail
Ship’s crew, one or two members as required, guides marine pilot to centre of clear zone
Ship’s crew member not briefed on duties
BW hoisting/
winching only conducted if ship has, and complies with, BW procedures
Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
Pitch more than one ship’s crew member can handle
Ensure that more than one ship’s crew member is made available and briefed before helicopter arrives on station Ship heave results in
acceleration down to clear zone
Crew co-operation to ensure that the marine pilot is delivered in a period of minimum movement
Ship heave occurs when marine pilot is below level of rail
Ship’s crew member attempts to cushion landing
2.3 Marine pilot not picked up cleanly from clear zone
Snagging Pilot and hoist operator must be prepared to cut cable if snagging occurs
Marine pilot is on the wire
Cable cut considered only while marine pilot is below level of rail
Hoist operator takes the strain on the wire to establish movement before continuing the lift - to ensure that there is no snagging
Marine pilot swings to rail or obstacle
Ship’s crew, one or two members as required, support marine pilot until clear pick up is achieved Additional call of
“passenger clear” by hoist operator to indicate that risk of snagging is past
2.4 BW clear zone not wide enough for safe operation
Unable to deliver marine pilot to the clear zone in other than calm conditions
Operation should not be conducted unless there is sufficient width to provide a safe clear area. At a minimum, this might be
<2 m but could be larger if either the helicopter operator or the ship apply higher limits
Site is found to be too small on arrival
BW operations not conducted and report filed
HAZARD 3 - BRIDGE OPERATIONS INTERFERE WITH HELICOPTER
HAZARD 4 - HELICOPTER OPERATIONS INTERFERE WITH BRIDGE
1 Squibs are detonators that, when fired in a specific emergency, operate cable cutting equipment, such as for a hoist/winch cable from the helicopter structure.
Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
3.1 Proximity to RADAR on bridge
HIRF interference with helicopter’s electronic equipment, i.e. FADEC and other electronic controls, resulting in loss of control or firing of squibs1
Ship’s RADAR set to standby while helicopter is on station
3.2 Proximity to ship’s whistle/horn
Use of whistle/horn distracts helicopter crew
Establish and agree procedure for restriction on use of whistle/horn when helicopter is on station
Risk - Area of Risk Threat Threat Control Escalation Factor Escalation Control
4.1 Noise of helicopter results in loss of hearing acuity on bridge
Bridge cannot conduct normal operations when helicopter on station
Ship’s bridge crew members advised to wear headsets, when appropriate, when helicopter is on station
Time taken on task is usually only measured in minutes
4.2 Downwash of helicopter affects bridge operations
Bridge suffers from disruption due to downwash
Master advised to keep bridge doors closed
4.3 Downwash of helicopter affects deck crew
Downwash causes deck crew to lose footing
Deck crew not assisting marine pilot should keep in lee of bridge to reduce effect of downwash