1/. AND ( và ): Dùng để nối hai thành phần cùng loại của câu (N/ ADJ/ ADV/ VERB/………) hoặc hai câu cùng thể .
Ex1: He has a house and a dog
Ex2: She comes home early and I come home early
2/. BUT ( nhưng ) : dùng để giới thiệu một từ , một cụm từ hay một mệnh đề tương phản lại từ , cụm từ hay mệnh đề đã được nói trước trong câu .
Ex: She was poor , but she was honest
3/.HOWEVER ( tuy nhiên): dùng để giới thiệu một câu tương phản với những gì đã nói trước đó HOWEVER có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc tách ra giữa hai câu bằng dấu chấm và dấu phẩy
Ex:We thought the figures were correct .However , we have now discovered some errors 4/.OR ( hoặc; nếu không ) :
a/. Or :Dùng để nêu lên một khả năng khác của các thành phần cùng loại trong câu . Ex: Is it a boy or a girl ?
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b/. Or : Dùng trong câu phủ định khi đề cập đến hai hay nhiều thứ khác . Ex: There are people without homes, jobs or family.
c/. Or :Nếu không : Ex: Hurry up or you will be late . 5/. SO :
a/. Dùng để chỉ lí do : Ex: I felt sleepy so he went to bed
b/. Dùng để chỉ kết quả : Ex: We didn‘t hear anything from him so we began to feel worried c/.Dùng để chỉ mục đích : Ex: I will give you a map so you won‘t get lost .
6/.THEREFORE : (Vì vậy ) dùng để giới thiệu kết quả hợp lô-gic của một cái gì đó đã được đề cập đến trước đó.
Ex5: He is only 17 ,therefore, he can‘t vote .
EXERCISE
I/. Choose correct answer to complete the answer : 1.We stayed at home ______ watched T.V last Sunday .
A. so B. therefore C. but D. and 2. I bought a newspaper _________ I didn‘t read it
A. so B. therefore C. but D. and 3. Houses are very expensive nowadays ._______, they have managed to buy one.
A. So B. However C. But D. Therefore 4. The journey didn‘t take _______ long as we expected .
A. so B.therefore C. such D. much 5. _____ they haven‘t got enough money , they can‘t buy that house .
A. Because B. However C. But D. Therefore 6. He asked her to marry him,____she didn‘t want to
A. since B. so C. but d. though 7. He wanted to go on holiday . ______ , he did not have enough money A. However B. Therefore C. Despite d. While 8. Tom didn‘t study hard last semester______, he failed the final test A. nevertheless B. however C. more over d. therefore 9. The traffic was heavy,_____ we arrived late for the meeting
A. because B. so C. but d. as 10. He just couldn‘t open the jar______ hard he tried
A. whatever B. morecover C. however d.even 11. He is under sixteen,_____ he shouldn‘t drive a car
A. so far as B. however C. therefore d. although 12. He is seriously ill _____ he is unable to go to school.
A. therefore B. yet C. so d.and 13. She felt ill ,______ she went to work,and tried to concentrate
A. although B. however C. but d. even if 14. A tree had fallen across the road,______ they had to turn round and go back A. but B. and C. so d. then
15. Everyone thought Emma should accept the offer______ she turned it down.
A. more over B. nevertheless C. there fore d. consequently 16. The letter was delivered ______ it didn‘t have enough postage
A. as B. because C. since d. although 17. It‘ s raining , ______ Mr Nam has to go to work.
A. but B. so C. therefore d. however 18. he has a headache, he has to take an aspirin.
A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of 19. The flight had to be delayed the bad weather.
A. because B. Because of C. despite D. when
20. They live happily ______.
A. because they have no money B. though they are rich C. in spite of their poverty D. because of their poor
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II/. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.
21. The cafe was crowded, so we found a table A B C D
22. I admired your bravery. Therefore, I didn‘t agree with it A B C D 23. The jacket was nice, however it was too small for me A B C D
24. I turned the heating on , because it was cold A B C D
25. You could fly to Vienna; but it isn‘t the only way A B C D
26.John didn‘t go to work because of he was seriously ill.
A B C D
27. Despite the fore cast said it would rain, it turned out to be a beautiful day A B C D
28. In spite of my father is old, he still goes to work.
A B C D
29. I turned on the ceiling fan; although, it is still hot in here A B C D
30. She works during the weekends, so she can earn some extra money therefore A B C D
Lesson : LANGUAGE FOCUS A/. Pronunciation :
I/. Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest.
1. A. species B. benefit C.essential D. generation 2. A.rhinoceros B.diversity C. identify D.extinction
3. A.vulnerable B.industry C. result D. current
4. A.extinction B.extension C.exploitation D.expression
5. A.verge B.urban C.world D.survive
II/. Choose the word which is stressed differently from the rest.
1. A. extinction B. animal C. classify D. primary 2. A. biologist B. seriously C. commercial D. identify 3. A. habitat B. different C. industry D. introduce 4. A. medicine B. endanger C. addition D. survival
5. A. derive B. provide C. modern D. depend
B/. MODAL VERBS (Động từ khiếm khuyết)
* may / might
- Ở hiện tại: may / might + V1: có lẽ, diễn tả một suy đoán không chắc chắn
- Ở quá khứ: may / might + have + V3/-ed: có lẽ đã, diễn tả một suy đoán không chắc chắn đã xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Ex: I phoned him last night but no one answered. He ___________ (be) out.
I phone him but no one answers. He ______________ (be) out.
* must / mustn‟t
- must + V1: phải, diễn tả một sự bắt buộc có tính chủ quan, không dùng ở quá khứ - must + V1: chắc là, diễn tả một sự suy đoán có cơ sở, có mức độ chắc chắn.
- must have + V3/-ed: chắc là đã, diễn tả một suy đoán chắc chắn đã xảy ra trong quá khứ - mustn‟t + V1: không được phép, diễn tả một sự cấm đoán
Ex: -I haven‘t phone Ann for years. I ____________ (phone) her tonight.
-Lan failed the exam. She ______________ (make) a lot of mistakes in her paper.
-Visitors _____________ (feed) the animals in the zoos.
- He has read that book for 4 hours. It ______________ (be) very interesting.
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* need / needn‟t
- need + to V1: cần (chủ động)
- need + V-ing = need + to be V1: cần được (bị động) - needn‟t + V1 = don‟t have to + V1: không cần
Ex: My car is very dirty. It needs ____________ (wash).
My car is dirty. I need ________________ (wash) it.
The car is not very dirty. You needn‘t ______________ (wash) it.
* should / shouldn‟t
- should + V1 = ought to + V1 = had better + V1: nên
- should have + V3/-ed: lẽ ra đã nên, diễn tả một việc lẽ ra phải nên làm trong quá khứ - shouldn‘t + V1: không nên
Ex: If you want to pass the final exam, you ______________ (study) hard.
She failed the final exam. She __________________ (learn) harder.
You _____________ (smoke). It is harmful.
* have to + V1: phải, diễn tả điều bắt buộc có tính khách quan , dùng trong quá khứ (had to + V1), hiện tại (have / has to + V1) và tương lai (will have to + V1)
Ex: -Children _____________ (wear) uniform when going to school.
-Yesterday, I felt very ill. I ________________ (see) the doctor.
EXERCISE
I/ Choose the underlined part among A, B, C, or D that needs correcting:
11. Nancy was refused to be given a scholarship to study abroad two days ago. She could have been very sad.
A B C D 12. There is no parking sign here so you would better take your car out of here now.
A B C D 13. If you are free today, you will join our party at the club.
A B C D
14. The company is going to held a party to celebrate the establishment . A B C D
15. The manager would dismiss his secretary if the secretary makes such stupid mistakes in the reports.
A B C D 16. The little girl says that her parents have been out but she could contact them easily
A B C D 17. The men are able work better than they did last year.
A B C D
18. When we were children, we use to climb over the wall to get into the neighbor‘s garden.
A B C D
19. If the boy had come home last night, he will have seen a gift lying on the table.
A B C D 20. Do you please tell us the way to the nearest post office here?
A B C D
II/.Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentences which is closest in meaning to the given one.
21. You have to do your homework every day.
A. Your homework has been done every day. B Your homework has to do by you every day.
C Your homework has to be done every day. D Your homework have to be done every day.
22. You shouldn‘t tell her the news. It might kill her.
A. She shouldn‘t be told by the news. She might be killed.
B. The news shouldn‘t be told her. She might be killed.
C. She shouldn‘t be told the news. She might be killed.
D. She shouldn‘t been told the news. It might be killed.
23. It wasn't obligatory to submit my assignment today.
A. My assignment must have been submitted today.
B. I needn't have submitted my assignment today.
71 C. My assignment was required to submit by today.
D. I mustn't submit my assignment today.
24. It's time we left for the disco.
A. We may leave for the disco now. B. We needn't leave for the disco now.
C. We should leave for the disco now. D. We must have left for the disco now.
25. It was a mistake of you to lose your passport.
A. You shouldn't have lost your passport. B. There must be a mistake in your passport.
C. You needn't have brought your passport. D. Your passport must be lost.
26. My car keys are possibly in the kitchen.
A. My car keys should be put in the kitchen. B. My car keys cannot be in the kitchen.
C. I don‘t know whether my car keys are in the kitchen. D. My car keys might be in the kitchen.
27. Is it possible for me to come to your house at about 7pm?
A. Must I come over to your house at about 7pm? B. Could I be coming to your house at about 7pm?
C. Can I come to your house at about 7pm? D. Will I come to your house at about 7pm?
28. You must never take off your helmet while you are riding a motorcycle.
A. If you are riding a motorcycle, you needn‘t wear a helmet.
B. When you are riding a motorcycle, wearing a helmet is not a must.
C. You needn‘t wear a helmet whenever you are riding a motorcycle D. Helmets must be worn at all times when you are riding a motorcycle
29. I have done this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key.
A.The answer in the book should be wrong! B. The book needn't have a wrong answer.
C.There is a wrong answer in the book. D. The answer in the book must be wrong!
30. Can you tell me directions for the station near here?
A. Would you tell me where to get to the station near here?
B. Could you tell me how to get to the station near here?
C. Could you tell me what to get to the station near here?
D. Must you tell me the way to get to the station near here?
III. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
31. He said that he _________ enter the examination room because he was late.
A. mustn‘t B. couldn‘t C. needn‘t D. might not
32. ―__________ taking me downtown on your way to work this morning?‖ – Not at all.
A. Can you B. Why don‘t you C. Could you please D. Would you mind 33. You haven‘t eaten anything since yesterday afternoon. You ______ be really hungry!
A. must B. might C. will D. can
34. ―Why are you so late?‖ – I _________ take my aunt to the airport. The traffic was terrible!‖
A. might B. could C. had to D. should
35. I wonder who drank all the milk yesterday. It _____ have been Mary because she was out all day.
A. can‘t B. must C. could D. needn‘t
36. Susan ___________ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
A. might not B. couldn‘t C. can‘t D. mustn‘t
37. Ted‘s flight from Britain took more than 11 hours. He _____ be exhausted after such a long flight.
A. had better B. can C. must D. should
38. You ___________ do the job if you didn‘t speak Japanese fluently.
A. couldn‘t B. can‘t C. won‘t be able to D. needn‘t
39. When I was young, I __________ go fishing with my father.
A. was used to B. would C. may D. used to
40. You ________ take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.
A. has to B. had better C. can D. could
41. Your wedding ring is very precious. You ___________ lose it.
A. must B. could C. needn‘t D. mustn‘t
42. ―How old do you think Peter is?‖ - ―I just looked at his driver‘s license. He ______ 33.‖
A. might be B. may be C. must be D. should be
43. It ________ rain this evening. Why don‘t you take an umbrella?
A. had better B. might C. must D. could
44. You ________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
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A. don‘t have to B. mustn‘t C. couldn‘t D. can‘t
45. It‘s a school rule. All the students _________ wear a uniform.
A. have to B. might C. must D. need
46. Passengers _______ smoke until the signs have been switched off.
A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. mightn't
47. We must obey the traffic laws. Otherwise, we __________ be punished.
A. will B. might C. should D. need
48. This is the key. You _________ forget to take it with you when going out.
A. should B. have to C. mustn‘t D. needn‘t
49. You _________ introduce me to Dr. Gray. We have already met.
A. shouldn‘t B. needn‘t C. mustn‘t D. couldn‘t
50. ―I have got a headache.‖ – ―You _________ go to see the doctor.‖
A. may B. could C. should D. might