The dissemination of knowledge acquired through research is one of main functions of any research university. In recent years advanced economies have placed great emphasis on transfer of new technologies and knowledge to the industrial sector. The main goals of these
activities are increased competitiveness, regional development, and the general prosperity:
quality research universities are an important link in the chain
“Education→ science, research and development → investment → transfer to industry → product”
Transfer of technologies and knowledge is one of the major sources for financing science and research outside the grant system of the state budget.
2.1.1 From Technology Transfer to Knowledge Transfer
We describe the process “from technology transfer to knowledge transfer” especially by taking ideas from LI-HUA’s paper on this issue that was presented at IAMOT (International Association for Management of Technology) conference, Nancy, France in 2003. We think that in this paper is a sufficient explanation for understanding this process. LI- HUA uses ideas from more people and it supports his own contribution.
Technology transfers:
Technology transfer is a crucial and dynamic factor in social and economic development. Technology has been transferred intentionally or unintentionally. Sometimes, a generator of technology has acquired a competitive advantage by undertaking the dissemination of products, processes and maintenance systems (BRADBURY in LI-HUA, 2003, p.1). Sometimes, a recipient (or transferee) has done much better than the original innovator. For example, it was the Chinese who invented gunpowder, but the Europeans who used it and developed it for world conquest. Sometimes the technology has taken a new form at each transfer, absorbing local traditions of design or local market preferences and there is value added during the process of technology transfer.
The two words “technology transfer” seem to convey different meanings to different people and different organisations. Technology transfer is defined in the Work Regulations of the United Nations, as the transfer of systematic knowledge for the manufacture of a product or provision of service (YU in LI-HUA, 2003, p.2). It has been defined in many other ways.
According to Abbott (in LI-HUA, 2003, p.2), it is the movement of science and technology from one group to another, such movement involving their use. Traditionally, technology transfer was conceptualized as the transfer of hardware objects, but today also
often involves information (e.g., a computer software program or a new idea) that may be completely devoid of any hardware aspects.
From Technology Transfer to Knowledge Transfer
“Research into technology transfer has matured from the early period of emphasis on the technology itself, through general management objectives to the current state of development where interest has arisen in the appropriateness and effectiveness of the technology transfer. It has been identified that without knowledge transfer, technology transfer does not take place as knowledge is the key to control technology as a whole” (LI- HUA, 2003, p.2). Knowledge transfer is crucial in the process of technology transfer.
Knowledge transfers
Knowledge transfer is about connection not collection, and that connection ultimately depends on choice made by individuals (DOUGHERTY in LI-HUA, 2003, p2).
“It is worth noting that this form of transfer in particular may well be a ‘two-way process’ between the transferor and the transferee. Knowledge transfer is also an increasingly popular term in the literature as writers attempt to highlight the human aspect of knowledge management. This natural transfer, or unstructured exchanges and informal exchanges, are vital to a firm's success. It is of great significance for an organisation to be able to capture and use the knowledge inside managers' heads” (LI-HUA, 2003, p.2). MAITLAND (in LI-HUA, 2003, p.2) argues that the crucial factor in determining a company's competitive advantage is its ability to convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge through organisational learning.
Knowledge transfer is the two-way flow and uptake of ideas between the university and the broader community. This transfer should accept three principles:
1. creates intellectual capital in ways that mutually benefit the university and its external partners
2. linkages to the university’s teaching and research activities
3. responds to global, social, economic, environmental and cultural issues
Knowledge transfer covers myriad dealings between university and its external partners, and creates benefits that flow in both directions as the community gains from the
expertise of the university’s staff and students, and the university becomes better informed by ideas and experiences from beyond its boundaries.
Activities defined as knowledge transfer range from appearances in the media and at public forums to participation in bilateral projects, the commercial development of research, the application of expertise through partnerships and internships, and the inclusion of broader community influences in the curriculum to enhance the attributes of graduates. We will discuss some more examples later.
Whether the issue being addressed impacts at a local community or global level, the university’s contribution should be marked by its reputation for excellence and highest quality endeavours.